The concept of Judicial Review was pioneered by the United States. Some maintain that one of the reasons the doctrine was readily accepted in this country was that it fit well with the checks and balances designed by the founders. Today, all established constitutional democracies have some form of judicial review-the power to rule on the constitutionality of the laws-but its form varies from country to country.

For example, Canada's Supreme Court can exercise judicial review but is barred from doing so if a law includes a provision of explicitly prohibiting such review. France has a Constitutional Council that rules on the constitutionality of laws before the laws take effect. Laws can be referred to the council for prior review by the president, prime minister, and the heads of the two chambers of parliament.

Prior review is also an option in Germany and Italy, if requested by the national or regional government. In contrast, the united States Supreme Court does not give advisory opinions; be before the the Supreme Court will render a decision only when there is an actual dispute concerning an issue.

Critical Analysis

In any country in which a constitution sets fort the basic powers and structure of government, some governmental body has to decide whether laws enacted by the government are consistent with that constitution.

1. Why might the courts be best suited to handle this task?

2. Can you propose a better alternative?