The Roman system of law enforcement is what? Which nations employ policing practices that are modeled after
Question:
The Roman system of law enforcement is what? Which nations employ policing practices that are modeled after those in ancient Rome?
How are police representative of the communities they serve? We'll see variation in that as well. Police can be said to perform two different functions; deviance control or policing ordinary crime for the protection of the community, and civil order control or protecting the state from groups of people in the form of riots, or strikes or political unrest. In the United States and the United Kingdom, generally speaking, and other countries that follow the Anglo-American policing model, our police agencies are generally not divided based on this distinction. But in other countries such as France, Germany or Japan which follow a more Roman-based model, there will be one police agency that does deviance control, and another one that does civic order control. As with legal systems, systems of law enforcement reflect underlying cultural, historic, economic aspects of the political systems they serve. For instance, trust in government, which we saw was pretty low in France, and pretty high in Japan. In fact in Japan, the deference to authority, the respect that people give their government is very different than in other countries in the Western world. That is reflected in the structure of their law enforcement system. Community policing originated in the United Kingdom, in 1829, when Prime Minister Robert Peel urged parliament to establish the London Metropolitan Police. The first modern police force in the Western world. The structure of this police force and the methods of community policing, reflect British resistance to French style policing. In which, policing is more militarized, used to stifle political opposition and descent. Trust in the police force is still to this day much higher than in France. But still, the British have trouble with policing certain communities, such as Caribbean immigrants. Among these communities, trust in policing may be lower than the population at large. But efforts at recruiting from these communities to a more representative police force have met with some success. British policing has its origins in the office of the feudal constable. Today, police governance is under the Ministry of Home Affairs. As in the USA, police are not organizationally divided between a civic order control and deviance controller ordinary police work. Policing is a shared responsibility between federal and local police agencies. In Britain, policing is generally decentralized. It's an area that's generally been devolved, to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Unlike France for instance, Britain doesn't really follow a centralized policing model. Rather, it reflects more of the US fragmentation or a decentralized model. France does separate its law enforcement between deviance control and civic order control. The Police Nationale performs ordinary police functions as under the Interior Ministry. The Gendarmerie, operates more as a paramilitary. It is heavily militarized. It performs public order controls such as during protests, strikes, and riots. It is under the Defense Ministry. Members of the Gendarmerie are trained as members of the military, and they live in barracks. Importantly, French police are highly unrepresentative of society, especially the Gendarmerie. Only two percent of members of the Gendarmerie are women. The result is very high public distrust of police in France, especially among people of North African descent in the Paris suburbs. Police view themselves as protecting the state from society. They make few efforts to improve their poor public image. They perceive themselves as defending the state from the people. They don't see why they need to reach out to the people. Policing in France follows a strongly centralized model. This is the Roman model of policing, and it has its origins in the modern iteration in the Medieval Office of the Provost. Like in the UK, policing in Germany is relatively decentralized, that both the central government and the states, the landtag, have policing duties. Also as in the UK and in the United States, there's a trend toward private policing. However, like in France, the organization of law enforcement is separated by function. In Germany, there are three basic policing agencies: the Schupo, the Kripo and the Bepo. The Schupo does ordinary police work, the Kripo does more complex investigatory work, forensic science, the kinds of stuff you see on television shows here in the US for instance. The Bepo does civic order control, a more militarized force like Gendarmerie in France. They're as well trained as members of the military and they live in barracks. Crime has been decreasing in Germany as it has throughout the western world in the last 25 years, that's despite high levels of immigration. However, there's been a recent increase in violence by right wing nationalists and hate crimes.
Business Statistics A Decision Making Approach
ISBN: 9780133021844
9th Edition
Authors: David F. Groebner, Patrick W. Shannon, Phillip C. Fry