There are both pragmatic and normative arguments for citizen engagement in spatial planning.  Pragmatic  arguments  include  the  need  to  address  increasingly  wicked  problems - utilizing the knowledge of multiple stakeholders and building responsibility and trust between citizens and institutions. Normative arguments promote engagement as a means to deliver more equitable outcomes.    There  are different  models  of,  and  frameworks  for  participation  which  result  in  a varying  impact  on  the  degree  to  which  a  citizen  can  actually  affect  planning  related  decision- making. Using examples of international best practice, what lessons can be learned  for  Ireland  to  successfully  engage  with  the  public  in  spatial  planning  and  sustainable community-related decision making.

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WICKED PROBLEMS Rationaltechnical approaches to decisionmaking and implementation assume that clarity of goals adequacy of information and choice of appropriate methods can lead to efficient and effec... View the full answer