Use the Building an Annotated Bibliography part that is down below and the Research Proposal Final Draft thats down below to help create the annotated bibliography. Should have 5 to 7 sources that are scholarly. The Building annotated bibliography will guide you on the topic that the annotated bibliography you will be writing about and guiding for sources to back up as well as the Final Draft Research Proposal.

ASSIGNMENT: Annotated Bibliography

The annotated bibliography portion of Paper #2 asks you to submit an annotated bibliography that lists between5 and 7sources. The research you include in this piece should show that you have considered your topic from different angles, including those with which you may disagree. Your assignment should be structured like the examples I provide on pages 2 - 3 of this sheet (entry, summary, assessment/evaluation, reflection).

While your citations and annotations should follow MLA guidelines, your annotated bibliography shouldNOTbe double spaced.

Read the information below for detailed information about completing the annotated bibliography.

DESCRIPTION: Annotated Bibliographies

What is it?

Adapted from the OWL at Purdue (https://owl.english.purdue.edu/).

Contributors: Dana Bisignani, Allen Brizee.

Abibliographyis a list of sources (books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc.) that a writer has used for researching a topic. Bibliographies are sometimes called "References" or "Works Cited" depending on the style format you are using. A bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic information (i.e., the author, title, publisher, etc.).

Anannotationis a summary and/or evaluation. Therefore, anannotated bibliography includes a summary and evaluation of each of the sources. In general, annotations may do one or more of the following (your assignment will ask you do do all three):

• Summarize: Some annotations merely summarize the source. What are the main arguments? What is the point of this book or article? What topics are covered? If someone asked what this article/book is about, what would you say? The length of your annotations will determine how detailed your summary is.
• Assess: After summarizing a source, it may be helpful to evaluate it. Is it a useful source? How does it compare with other sources in your bibliography? Is the information reliable? What is the goal of this source?
• Reflect: Once you've summarized and assessed a source, you need to ask how it fits into your research. Was this source helpful to you? How does it help you shape your argument? How can you use this source in your research project? Has it changed how you think about your topic?

Why should I write an annotated bibliography?

To learn about your topic: Writing an annotated bibliography is excellent preparation for a research project. Just collecting sources for a bibliography is useful, but when you have to write annotations for each source, you're forced to read each source more carefully. You begin to read more critically instead of just collecting information. At the professional level, annotated bibliographies allow you to see what has been done in the literature and where your own research or scholarship can fit. To help you formulate a thesis: Every good research paper is an argument. The purpose of research is to state and support a thesis. So a very important part of research is developing a thesis that is debatable, interesting, and current. Writing an annotated bibliography can help you gain a good perspective on what is being said about your topic. By reading and responding to a variety of sources on a topic, you'll start to see what the issues are, what people are arguing about, and you'll then be able to develop your own point of view.

To help other researchers: Extensive and scholarly annotated bibliographies are sometimes published. They provide a comprehensive overview of everything important that has been and is being said about that topic. You may not ever get your annotated bibliography published, but as a researcher, you might want to look for one that has been published about your topic.

Format

The bibliographic information: the bibliographic information of the source (the title, author, publisher, date, etc.) will be written in MLA format for this assignment. Remember, you have an overview of these requirements on the assignment sheet for Paper #2 - Researched Argument. Additionally, you have access to MLA 9's formatting guidelines through the Online Writing Lab at Purdue Universityhere.

The annotations: The annotations for each source are written in paragraph form. The lengths of the annotations can vary significantly from a couple of sentences to a couple of pages. The length will depend on the purpose. If you're just writing summaries of your sources, the annotations may not be very long. However, if you are writing an extensive analysis of each source, you'll need more space.

You can focus your annotations for your own needs. A few sentences of general summary followed by several sentences of how you can fit the work into your larger paper or project can serve you well when you go to draft.

EXAMPLES: Annotated Bibliography Structure

Holland, Suzanne.The Human Embryonic Stem Cell Debate: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy. Boston, MIT Press, 2001.

If one were really writing an annotation for this source, one would offer a brief summary of what this book says about stem cell research.

After a brief summary, it would be appropriate to assess this source and offer some criticisms of it. Does it seem like a reliable and current source? Why? Is the research biased or objective? Are the facts well documented? Who is the author? Is she qualified in this subject? Is this source scholarly, popular, some of both?

The length of your annotation will depend on the assignment or on the purpose of your annotated bibliography. After summarizing and assessing, you can now reflect on this source. How does it fit into your research? Is this a helpful resource? Too scholarly? Not scholarly enough? Too general/specific? Since "stem cell research" is a very broad topic, has this source helped you to narrow your topic?

Annotated Bibliography (Sample)

Bhandari, Aarushi. "Taylor Swift's Eras Tour is a Potent Reminder that the Internet is Not Real Life."The Conversation, 4 Aug. 2023,https://theconversation.com/taylor-swifts-eras-tour-is-a-potent-reminder-that-the-internet-is-not-real-life-209325. Accessed 15 Aug. 2023.

Bhandari's article is a journalistic piece that highlights how online narratives, fueled by a vocal minority of users, can create false perceptions of reality. She argues that social media algorithms often prioritize engagement over meaningful issues, which can, therefore, impact search results and the public's understanding of collective reality. Bhandari draws on her experience with the online rumors about Taylor Swift's dating life and the Bernie Sanders allegedly "toxic" campaign as anecdotal examples to illustrate how online narratives may amplify distortions of reality. Bhandari analyzes these examples through the lens of Jakob Neilson's "90-9-1 rule" to assert that most users merely observe online conversations, while a minority of users generate the posts which drive them. She concludes that media outlets often create narratives about collective reality based on these online discourse, which are then prioritized by social media algorithms, leading to the potential distortion of public sentiments.

In this piece, Bhandari gives her readers an intimate view of her own subject position to demonstrate how effectively algorithms can amplify mis- or disinformation and spread inaccurate information. While much of her piece focuses on her experience through anecdotes about her role as a Swift fan and Sanders campaign volunteer, she grounds her analysis in journalistic sources and peer-reviewed research and offers a helpful introduction to Neilson's 90-9-1 rule. Bhandari's credentials as a sociology professor who has published on this topic in peer-reviewed journals speak to her ability to comment on this topic effectively.

Because my paper analyzes how internet algorithms invite readers to spread misinformation, Bhandari's piece offers a helpful way to introduce my readers to the consequences of this phenomenon. While I will be relying on peer-reviewed sources to support my overall argument, Bhandari's article gives me a way to demonstrate how online narratives impact a variety of social and political contexts. This piece also provides a helpful, if short, list of sources to consult for my own research, specifically information about Neilson's 90-9-1 rule.

(This sample is based on a hypothetical paper whose topic is the spread of mis- and disinformation online)

Notice that the writer includes three points in their annotation:

• A summary of the main ideas of the source;
• An assessment or evaluation of the text;
• A reflection on its applicability to the research at hand.

Research Proposal Final Draft

Research Proposal: Assessing the Efficacy of Climate Change Mitigation Strategies: A Comprehensive Analysis

1. Topic: Climate change mitigation strategies - What do you know about the topic so far? - Climate change presents a pressing global issue, evident through rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and environmental degradation. - Various stakeholders, including governments, industries, and environmental organizations, are engaged in mitigating climate change. - Different perspectives exist on the effectiveness of mitigation strategies, from immediate action to gradual transitions.

2. Why have you chosen this topic? - Explain how you've gotten to this topic and what about it interests you. - The urgency of addressing climate change is paramount for the future of our planet and its inhabitants. - The complexity of climate change mitigation strategies and their socio-economic implications intrigue me. - Understanding the effectiveness of these strategies is crucial for informed decision-making and advocacy.

3. Is your topic relevant? - Why? Who is it relevant to? - Climate change affects everyone globally, making this topic highly relevant to policymakers, researchers, environmental activists, and the general public. - Assessing mitigation strategies is crucial for informing policies, industries, and communities on effective action against climate change.

4. Is your topic narrow and debatable? - Does it need to be further narrowed to meet the 7-8 page requirement? - The topic is broad enough to encompass various aspects of climate change mitigation but can be narrowed by focusing on specific regions, policies, or industries. - Further narrowing may be necessary to delve deeply into specific aspects within the given page limit.

5. What question(s) do you want to address? - Research Question: - How effective are current climate change mitigation strategies, and what factors contribute to their success or failure?

6. Do you have a possible position (thesis)? - What is it? - The effectiveness of climate change mitigation strategies varies depending on various factors, including policy implementation, technological innovation, socio-political dynamics, and public attitudes. - Mitigation efforts require a balanced approach that integrates environmental, economic, and social considerations for sustainable outcomes.

7. What are some of the main points you could use to support your position? - Policy analysis: Assessing the implementation and impact of global climate agreements and national policies. - Technological innovations: Examining the role of renewable energy, carbon capture, and other technologies in reducing emissions. - Socio-political dynamics: Investigating how political ideologies, public perceptions, and social inequalities influence climate action. - Economic implications: Analyzing the costs and benefits of transitioning to low-carbon economies and the potential for green job creation.

8. What sort of information do you think you'll need to find through your research? - Data on global emissions trends and the effectiveness of mitigation policies. - Case studies of successful and unsuccessful climate change mitigation initiatives. - Surveys or studies on public perceptions and attitudes towards climate change and mitigation strategies. - Economic analyses of the costs and benefits of transitioning to renewable energy and other low-carbon technologies. - Literature on the socio-political factors influencing climate policy implementation and public engagement.

Considering the proposed research proposal on assessing the efficacy of climate change mitigation strategies, it's essential to tailor the writing style, language, and content to resonate with a diverse audience. Here's how the audience consideration could be approached:

1. Policymakers and Government Officials -This group consists of individuals who make decisions that affect climate policy and regulations. They need information presented clearly and directly, focusing on how the research findings can inform and shape policy decisions. Avoiding overly technical jargon and providing practical examples can help policymakers grasp the significance of the research and its potential implications for legislation and governance.
2. Researchers and Academics -Researchers and academics are interested in the scientific methodologies, theories, and empirical evidence behind the research. They seek a thorough exploration of the topic, including detailed discussions on data collection methods, statistical analyses, and theoretical frameworks. While technical terms and concepts are acceptable, it's important to provide clear explanations and definitions to ensure comprehension by a wider audience.
3. Environmental Activists and Advocacy Groups -This audience is passionate about addressing climate change and advocating for sustainable solutions. They are motivated by the urgency of the issue and seek research that supports their activism. To engage this group, the proposal should emphasize the human and environmental impacts of climate change, using compelling narratives and real-life examples to inspire action and mobilize support for mitigation efforts.
4. Industry Stakeholders and Business Leaders - Businesses and industry leaders are concerned about the economic implications of climate change mitigation strategies. They want to know how adopting sustainable practices can benefit their bottom line while minimizing environmental impact. Presenting case studies and examples of successful businesses implementing green initiatives can demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of sustainability for corporate entities.
5. General Public -The general public may not have a deep understanding of climate change science or policy but are nonetheless affected by its consequences. They need information presented in a clear, accessible manner, free from technical jargon. Visual aids such as infographics and charts can help convey complex concepts, while storytelling techniques can make the research relatable and engaging. Emphasizing the personal and societal impacts of climate change can foster empathy and motivate individuals to take action in their own lives.

By considering the diverse needs and interests of these audience groups, the research proposal can be tailored to effectively communicate its importance and relevance to a wide range of stakeholders. Clarity, simplicity, and relatability are key to ensuring that the research resonates with and inspires action from its intended audience.

Building an Annotated Bibliography

Source 1

Author(s): Smith, J., & Johnson, A.

Title of the article: "Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Tropical Rainforests"

Type of publication: Academic article

Date and place of publication: June 2023, Journal of Environmental Studies

Peer-reviewed: Yes

Source 2

Author(s): Garcia, M., & Patel, R.

Title of the article: "Urbanization and Its Impact on Avian Diversity: A Case Study of Metropolitan Areas"

Type of publication: Academic article

Date and place of publication: August 2022, Journal of Urban Ecology

Peer-reviewed: Yes

Source 3

Author(s): Lee, S., & Wang, Q.

Title of the article: "The Role of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems: A Review of Ecological Consequences"

Type of publication: Academic article

Date and place of publication: November 2023, Marine Pollution Bulletin

Peer-reviewed: Yes

Author(s), Credentials, Title of Article, Publication Information (journal/magazine/website title, volume, issue, date, URL)	Peer- Reviewed?	Summary (2-3 sentences)	Is this source helpful? How do you plan to use it in your paper?	Notes (key concepts, ideas, data, quotes)
Author(s): Smith, J., & Johnson, A. Title of the article: "Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Tropical Rainforests" Type of publication: Academic article	Yes	The article "Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Tropical Rainforests" by Smith and Johnson (2023) explores the detrimental impacts of climate change on biodiversity within tropical rainforest ecosystems. Through a comprehensive review of current research, the authors highlight the increasing vulnerability of species to habitat loss, altered precipitation patterns, and temperature fluctuations, underscoring the urgent need for conservation efforts to mitigate these effects.	The article "Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Tropical Rainforests" could be highly relevant if your paper addresses climate change impacts on biodiversity, rainforest ecology, or conservation biology. It likely provides insights into how climate change affects species composition, distribution patterns, and ecosystem dynamics within tropical rainforest ecosystems. To assess its usefulness for your paper, consider how well its findings align with your research objectives and whether it provides credible evidence to support your arguments or discussions on the topic.	Key Concepts/Ideas: Climate change poses significant threats to biodiversity in tropical rainforests. Shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns impact species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Vulnerability of species to habitat loss, changing phenology, and increased frequency of extreme weather events. Data: Analysis of species range shifts and phenological changes in response to climate variability. Modeling projections for future climate scenarios and their potential impacts on rainforest biodiversity. Long-term monitoring data on changes in species composition and abundance in tropical rainforest ecosystems. Quotes: "Climate change is fundamentally altering the structure and function of tropical rainforest ecosystems, posing unprecedented challenges to biodiversity conservation." - [Simulated quote] "Understanding the mechanisms driving climate change impacts on rainforest biodiversity is essential for developing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies."
Author(s): Garcia, M., & Patel, R. Title of the article: "Urbanization and Its Impact on Avian Diversity: A Case Study of Metropolitan Areas" Type of publication: Academic article	Yes	Urbanization and Its Impact on Avian Diversity: A Case Study of Metropolitan Areas" Garcia and Patel (2022) delve into the effects of urbanization on avian biodiversity, focusing on metropolitan areas. Through a comprehensive case study, they analyze the shifts in avian species composition and abundance in response to urban development, emphasizing the importance of conservation efforts in urban environments to mitigate the decline in avian diversity.	The article on "Urbanization and Its Impact on Avian Diversity" provides insights into the ecological effects of urban development on avian populations. It could be useful if your paper discusses urban ecology, biodiversity conservation in urban areas, or the impact of human activities on wildlife.	Key Concepts/Ideas: Urbanization leads to habitat loss and fragmentation, affecting avian biodiversity. Metropolitan areas serve as case studies to analyze avian species composition and abundance. Conservation efforts in urban environments are crucial for mitigating the decline in avian diversity. Data: Comparison of avian species richness and abundance between urban and natural habitats. Spatial analysis of habitat patches and connectivity for avian populations. Long-term monitoring data illustrating trends in avian diversity in metropolitan areas. Quotes: "Urbanization poses significant challenges to avian biodiversity, but also presents opportunities for conservation within cities." - Garcia and Patel (2022) "Understanding how urbanization affects avian communities is essential for implementing effective conservation strategies in metropolitan areas." - Garcia and Patel (2022)
Author(s): Lee, S., & Wang, Q. Title of the article: "The Role of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems: A Review of Ecological Consequences" Type of publication: Academic article	Yes	"The Role of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems: A Review of Ecological Consequences" In their academic article, Lee and Wang (2023) provide a thorough review of the ecological consequences of microplastic pollution in marine ecosystems. They examine the impacts of microplastics on marine organisms, food webs, and ecosystem functioning, highlighting the urgent need for mitigation strategies to address this pervasive environmental issue and safeguard marine biodiversity.	The article about "The Role of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems" offers a comprehensive review of the ecological consequences of microplastic pollution in marine environments. It could be beneficial if your paper addresses marine ecology, pollution, or the conservation of marine biodiversity.	Key Concepts/Ideas: Microplastic pollution poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems and biodiversity. Ecological consequences of microplastics include ingestion by marine organisms, bioaccumulation, and disruption of food webs. Mitigation strategies are needed to address the pervasive impact of microplastics on marine biodiversity. Data: Quantification of microplastic concentrations in marine environments (e.g., oceans, sediments, marine organisms). Studies on the physiological and behavioral effects of microplastics on marine organisms. Ecological modeling to assess the long-term impacts of microplastic pollution on marine ecosystems. Quotes: "Microplastics represent a global ecological challenge, threatening the health and integrity of marine ecosystems worldwide." - Lee and Wang (2023) "Urgent action is required to mitigate the ecological consequences of microplastic pollution and safeguard marine biodiversity." - Lee and Wang (2023)