Each of the following describes the outcome of a hypothetical bivariate correlational study. State whether you believe the correlation is a positive or a negative one. With both the directionality problem and the third variable problem in mind, describe at least two ways of interpreting each.

1. There is a correlation between the level of dominance shown by mothers and the level of shyness shown by children.

2. There is a correlation between depression and aerobic fitness level.

3. There is a correlation between the number of books found in the home and the college GPAs of the students living in those homes.

4. There is a correlation between seating location in class and grades—the closer to the front, the higher the grade.

5. There is a correlation between grades and test anxiety.

6. There is a correlation between a student’s college grades and the number of text messages sent per month.

7. There is a correlation between milk drinking and cancer— the more milk one drinks, the greater the chances of getting cancer.