Can deep-breathing techniques help reduce mathematics anxiety? A researcher was interested in knowing if students who practice deep-breathing techniques tend to have less anxiety toward mathematics. An experiment was conducted where 14 students were first given a survey about their level of mathematics anxiety on a scale of 0-100, where higher scores reflected a higher level of mathematics anxiety (Pre Responses). The students were then asked to participate in a series of deep-breathing techniques and then given the exact same survey (Post Responses). These results are given in Table 5.15. Can you conclude that deep-breathing techniques help to overcome mathematics anxiety?

Table 5.15

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Pre and Post Responses on a Mathematics Anxiety Survey Observation Pre Responses Post Responses Difference (Pre-Post) 1 61 23 4 5 10 69 7 59 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 NKENANKAN D 52 9 83 71 12 73 66 7 80 60 20 65 51 14 87 61 26 60 -1 82 67 15 76 51 25 87 66 21 76 53 23 90 57 33 86 61 25 72 78 -6 Sample mean 76.93 61.00 15.93 Sample standard deviation 9.95 8.03 10.97