The average life expectancy of the migratory Canada goose is 7.2 months, but the first half-year of life shows the fewest survivors. A wildlife biologist is studying the life span of a local flock of 30 geese. Through banding and radiomonitoring, she determines the life span of the local flock to be, in months, 2, 26, 3, 54, 9, 0, 2, 5, 3, 43, 4, 3, 7, 0, 3, 5, 12, 18, 3, 2, 0, 1, 3, 31, 2, 1, 7, 4, 10, 1.

a. State the nondirectional hypothesis.

b. Determine the critical t for α = .05.

c. Calculate t using the sample standard deviation as the estimated population standard deviation. Show your work.

d. Is the life span of this flock significantly different from that of the average Canada goose?