The Academy of Management Journal (December 2019) published a study on how men and women differ in negotiating for career advancement. The researchers interviewed 49 civil servants (27 men and 22 women) who were participating in a university-based executive program and asked each to give an example of a negotiating strategy they have employed. Each strategy was classified into one of three categories: “asking” (standard request for advancement), “bending” (request for one-time exception to company norms to achieve advancement), and “shaping” (proposal for advancement that would alter company norms). A total of 6 men and 13 women provided an example of a “bending” negotiating strategy. The researchers want to know whether there a significant difference between the proportion of men and women who provided a “bending” strategy example.

a. Specify the parameter of interest to the researchers.

b. Set up the null and alternative hypotheses for testing whether the proportion of men who provided a “bending” negotiating strategy differs from the proportion for women.

c. A Minitab analysis of the data is shown below. Locate the test statistic on the printout.

d. Give the rejection region for the test using α = .01.

e. Locate the p-value of the test on the printout.

f. Make the appropriate conclusion using both the p-value and rejection region approach. Your conclusions should agree.

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Test and Cl for Two Proportions Method P₁: proportion where Sample 1 = Event Pz: proportion where Sample 2 = Event Difference: P₁ - P₂ Descriptive Statistics Sample N Event Sample p Sample 1 27 6 0.222222 Sample 2 22 13 0.590909 Estimation for Difference 99% CI for Difference Difference -0.368687 (-0.708359,-0.029015) Cl based on normal approximation Test Null hypothesis Alternative hypothesis Method Normal approximation Fisher's exact Ho: P₁ P₂ = 0 H₁: P₁-P₂ * 0 Z-Value -2.63 P-Value 0.008 0.017 The test based on the normal approximation uses the pooled estimate of the proportion (0.387755).