John Palmer, head of the Shoreland City Clerk’s Office, has been instructed by his supervisors to send his staff to a productivity enhancing workshop. Mr. Palmer decides to conduct an analysis of pre- and post-workshop staff productivity, using the number of forms processed per week as the dependent variable (FORMS). As a skeptic of such workshops, Mr. Palmer expects a quick post-workshop spike in productivity at best. Accordingly, the first independent variable in the analysis is a pulse variable (PULSE) coded 1 during the week the workshop was held (the workshop was held on a Monday). To be on the safe side, Mr. Palmer also includes a short-term trend variable (SHORT) starting the week of the workshop to see if the program really might be contributing to performance gains. What can Mr. Palmer conclude about his hypotheses?