A university collected data on the number of scholarship students that donated to the same scholarship fund when they were alumni. There were three groups of alumni: those receiving athletic scholarships, those receiving academic scholarships, and those receiving citizenship scholarships. The numbers in each group that donated or did not donate are listed in the contingency table below.

a. What is the null hypothesis for this example?

b. Is a one- or two-tailed test appropriate for this example? Why?

c. How many degrees of freedom are in the data?

d. If α = .05, what is the χ²_crit value for the data?

e. Create the contingency table with the expected counts.

f. Calculate the χ²_obs value.

g. Compare the χ²_crit value and the χ²_obs value. Should you reject or retain the null hypothesis in this example?

h. Calculate an odds ratio where alumni who received an athletic scholarship are the baseline group and not donating is the baseline outcome, with alumni who received an academic scholarship as the non-baseline group. (This requires eliminating the citizenship group of alumni from the calculation.)

i. Interpret the effect size in question 16h.

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Student groups Donated Did not donate Total Athletics 13 16 29 Academic 22 28 50 Citizenship 9. 12 21 Total 44 56 100