Ernie Engineer has developed a new plug-in electric vehicle with a 24 kWh battery pack. Charging the pack to its full capacity requires a total of 30 kWh of electricity from the charging station. Two-thirds of this electricity comes from fossil fuels (assume bituminous coal) and the remaining from biomass. Only 90 percent of the electricity from the grid reaches the charging station owing to inefficiencies in the transmission system, thus requiring more primary fuel to generate this electricity. The car has a fuel efficiency of 130 kWh/100 miles. Determine the well-to-wheel emissions and their life cycle impact for traveling a

distance of 100 miles. You do not have to account for the manufacturing of the car here. You may use OpenLCA with the TRACI 2.1 impact assessment method.

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Table 15.13 Life cycle impact assessment of cheesecake packaging systems. Impact category Unit XrPet Climate change human health DALY 1.22E-05 Ozone depletion DALY 1.16E-09 Human toxicity DALY 1.91E-05 DALY 4.35E-10 DALY 1.98E-06 DALY 7.49E-09 species yr 6.53E-08 species yr 5.32E-10 species yr species yr species yr species yr species yr species yr species yr Photochemical oxidant formation Particulate matter formation Ionizing radiation Climate change ecosystems Terrestrial acidification Fresh-water eutrophication Terrestrial ecotoxicity Fresh-water ecotoxicity Marine ecotoxicity Agricultural land occupation Urban land occupation Natural land transformation Metal depletion Fossil depletion $ 69 69 $ .07E-11 1.92E-09 3.04E-11 4.22E-09 3.14E-08 8.15E-10 2.91E-08 1.09E-02 1.63E-01 AerPack 9.48E-06 8.61E-10 1.36E-05 3.04E-10 1.53E-06 5.87E-09 5.05E-08 4.33E-10 2.36E-11 1.58E-09 2.27E-11 3.06E-09 2.68E-08 5.04E-10 2.23E-08 6.93E-03 1.23E-01