Concept 7.2 summarised a classification of the types of cultures, made by Deal and Kennedy (2000) on the basis of a study they made of various firms and their business environment.

What are the similarities between this and the cultures defined in the competing values framework presented in Figure 10.1 ? What differences do your perceive between the two – and how do you account for these?

Concept 7.2

Figure 10.1

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Concept 7.2 discusses models proposed by various writers that allow national culture to be given shape. It also examines the place national culture occupies in the notion of corporate culture. The focus is on the 'corporate element of culture and on two key criteria: the business environment and the national cultural setting. According to Deal and Kennedy (2000: 13), "The business environment is the single greatest influence in shaping a corporate culture.' In other words, the types of industry in question, as well as the type of product and the markets involved, play an important role. The national cultural setting also has an influence on how companies manage their business. The cultural assumptions with regard to the relations between employees and their organisation, the hierarchical system in place, the company's mission and aims, all these elements have an influence on the preference for a particular organisational culture.