The concept of a “phantom smoker” was introduced in the paper “ I Smoke but I Am Not a Smoker: Phantom Smokers and the Discrepancy Between Self- Identity and Behavior” (Journal of American College Health [ 2010]: 117– 125). Previous studies of college students found that how students respond when asked to identify themselves as either a smoker or a nonsmoker was not always consistent with how they respond to a question about how often they smoked cigarettes. A phantom smoker is defined to be someone who self- identifies as a nonsmoker but who admits to smoking cigarettes when asked about frequency of smoking. This prompted researchers to wonder if asking college students to self- identify as being a smoker or nonsmoker might be resulting in an under-estimate of the actual percentage of smokers. The researchers planned to use data from a sample of 899 students to estimate the percentage of college students who are phantom smokers.