The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum does not carry out oxidative phosphorylation and therefore does not use the citric acid cycle to generate reduced cofactors. Instead, the parasite converts amino acid-derived -ketoglutarate to succinate. Write an equation for the (-ketoglutarate ( succinate conversion that follows
(a) The oxidative (clockwise) path of the citric acid cycle or
(b) The reductive (counterclockwise) path of the cycle.