The method of instruction in college and university applied statistics courses are changing. Historically, most courses were taught with an emphasis on manual calculation. The alternative is to employ a computer and a software package to perform the calculations. An analysis of applied statistics courses investigated whether the instructor’s educational background is primarily mathematics (or statistics) or some other field. The result of this analysis is the accompanying table of joint probabilities.

a. What is the probability that a randomly selected applied statistics course instructor whose education was in statistics emphasizes manual calculations?
b. What proportion of applied statistics courses employ a computer and software?
c. Are the educational background of the instructor and the way his or her course is taughtindependent?

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Statistics Course Statistics Emphasizes Course Employs Manual Computer and Software Calculations Mathematics or statistics education Other education .23 .36 30