There is some evidence that REM sleep, associated with dreaming, may also play a role in learning and memory processing. For example, Smith and Lapp (1991) found increased REM activity for college students during exam periods. Suppose that REM activity for a sample of n = 16 students during the final exam period produced an average score of M = 143. Regular REM activity for the college population averages µ = 110 with a standard deviation of σ = 50. The population distribution is approximately normal.

a. Do the data from this sample provide evidence for a significant increase in REM activity during exams? Use a one-tailed test with α = .01.

b. Compute Cohen's d to estimate the size of the effect.

c. Write a sentence describing the outcome of the hypothesis test and the measure of effect size as it would appear in a research report.