Thomas and Wang (1996) looked at the effects of memory on the learning of foreign vocabulary. Most of you have probably read that a good strategy for memorizing words in a foreign language is to think of mnemonic keywords. For example, in Tagalog (the official language of the Philippines), the word for eyeglasses is salamin. That word sounds much like our €œsalmon,€ so a possible strategy would be to imagine a picture of a salmon wearing glasses. This type of encoding strategy has been recommended for years, and people who try it generally report good immediate recall of foreign vocabulary. This fits nicely with dual-coding theories, in which the word is viewed as being stored both lexically and visually. However, the studies that have looked at this phenomenon have generally asked the same participants to repeatedly recall items at several different times. Since each recall session means an additional practice session, practice and time effects are confounded. To get around this problem, Thomas and Wang used different participants at the two recall intervals. Data with very nearly the same means and variances as theirs are presented below.
Thomas and Wang ran a study in which they divided participants into one of three €œStrategy€ groups, and then tested them at one of two times (five minutes or two days). The strategies were:

The dependent variable was the number of English words recalled at either five minutes or two days.
(a) How would you characterize this design?
(b) What would be a reasonable a priori research hypothesis?
(c) Calculate the cell means and standard deviations.

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Keyword-Generated Prtcipants generated their own keywords to help them to Keyword-Provided The experimenters provided the keywords to help the par- Rote Learning remember 24 Tagalog words. ticipants to remember 24 Tagalog words. Participants were simply instructed to memorize the mean- ing of the Tagalog words.