Three phases of the management process are planning, directing, and controlling (management by exception). One type of planning is strategic planning. Match the following descriptions to the proper phase.

Phase of management process Description
Strategic planning a. Isolating significant departures from plans for further investigation and possible remedial action. It may lead to a revision of future plans.
Directing b. Process by which managers, given their assigned levels of responsibilities, run day-to-day operations.
Management by exception c. Developing long-range courses of action to achieve goals.