With reference to Figure, under what conditions could each of the following situations occur:
a. Program manager and program office determine labor hours by pricing out the work breakdown structure without coordination with functional management.
b. Upper-level management determines the price of a bid without forming a program office or consulting functional management.
c. Perturbations on the base case are not performed.
d. The chief executive officer selects the program manager without consulting his directors.
e. Upper-level management does not wish to have a cost review meeting prior to submittal of a bid.