Assume that you have just been hired as business manager of Campus Deli (CD), which is located adjacent to the campus. Sales were $1,100,000 last year, variable costs were 60% of sales, and fixed costs were $40,000. Therefore, EBIT totaled $400,000. Because the university€™s enrollment is capped, EBIT is expected to be constant over time. Because no expansion capital is required, CD pays out all earnings as dividends. Assets are $2 million, and 80,000 shares are outstanding. The management group owns about 50% of the stock, which is traded in the over-the-counter market.
CD currently has no debt€”it is an all-equity firm€”and its 80,000 shares outstanding sell at a price of $25 per share, which is also the book value. The firm€™s federal-plus-state tax rate is 40%. On the basis of statements made in your finance text, you believe that CD€™s shareholders would be better off if some debt financing was used. When you suggested this to your new boss, she encouraged you to pursue the idea but to provide support for the suggestion.
In today€™s market, the risk-free rate, rRF, is 6% and the market risk premium, RPM, is 6%. CD€™s unlevered beta, bU, is 1.0. CD currently has no debt, so its cost of equity (and WACC) is 12%.
If the firm was recapitalized, debt would be issued and the borrowed funds would be used to repurchase stock. Stockholders, in turn, would use funds provided by the repurchase to buy equities in other fast-food companies similar to CD. You plan to complete your report by asking and then answering the following questions.
a. (1) What is business risk? What factors influence a firm€™s business risk?
(2) What is operating leverage, and how does it affect a firm€™s business risk?
b. (1) What do the terms financial leverage and financial risk mean?
(2) How does financial risk differ from business risk?
c. To develop an example that can be presented to CD€™s management as an illustration, consider two hypothetical firms: Firm U with zero debt financing and Firm L with $10,000 of 12% debt. Both firms have $20,000 in total assets and a 40% federal-plus-state tax rate, and they have the following EBIT probability distribution for next year:
Probability EBIT
0.25€¦€¦€¦€¦€¦€¦€¦$2,000
0.50€¦€¦€¦€¦€¦€¦€¦.3,000
0.25€¦€¦€¦€¦€¦€¦€¦4,000
(1) Complete the partial income statements and the firms€™ ratios in Table IC14-1.
(2) Be prepared to discuss each entry in the table and to explain how this example illustrates the effect of financial leverage on expected rate of return and risk.
d. After speaking with a local investment banker, you obtain the following estimates of the cost of debt at different debt levels (in thousands of dollars):

Now consider the optimal capital structure for CD.
(1) To begin, define the terms optimal capital structure and target capital structure.
(2) Why does CD€™s bond rating and cost of debt depend on the amount of money borrowed?

(3) Assume that shares could be repurchased at the current market price of $25 per share. Calculate CD€™s expected EPS and TIE at debt levels of $0, $250,000, $500,000, $750,000, and $1,000,000. How many shares would remain after recapitalization under each scenario?
(4) Using the Hamada equation, what is the cost of equity if CD recapitalizes with $250,000 of debt? $500,000? $750,000? $1,000,000?
(5) Considering only the levels of debt discussed, what is the capital structure that minimizes CD€™s WACC?
(6) What would be the new stock price if CD recapitalizes with $250,000 of debt? $500,000? $750,000? $1,000,000? Recall that the payout ratio is 100%, so g ¼ 0.
(7) Is EPS maximized at the debt level that maximizes share price? Why or why not?
(8) Considering only the levels of debt discussed, what is CD€™s optimal capital structure?
(9) What is the WACC at the optimal capital structure?
e. Suppose you discovered that CD had more business risk than you originally estimated. Describe how this would affect the analysis. How would the analysis be affected if the firm had less business risk than originally estimated?
f. What are some factors a manager should consider when establishing his or her firm€™s target capital structure?
g. Put labels on Figure IC14-1 and then discuss the graph as you might use it to explain to your boss why CD might want to use some debt.
h. How does the existence of asymmetric information and signaling affect capital structure?
FIGURE IC 14-1

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Amount Borrowed D/A Ratio D/E Ratio Bond Rating rd 250 500 750 1,000 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.1429 0.3333 0.6000 1.0000 8.0% 9.0 115 14.0 Table IC 14 1 Income Statements and Ratios $20,000 $20,000 S20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 10,000 $10,000 $10,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 S6,000 9,000 12,000 Earmings before interest6000 8000 S 3,000 4,000 costs 5 2,000 3,000 4,000 Earnings before taxes $ 800 $ $ 1200 51800 $ 2400 9 5 2 Basic earning power (BEP = EBIT/Assets) Expected basic earning 10.8% 2 Value of Firm's Stock D2 Leverage, D/A