Comment on the following items relative to tax planning strategies of a fiduciary entity.

a. To reduce taxes for a typical family, should income be shifted to a trust or from a trust? Why?

b. From a tax planning standpoint, who should invest in tax-exempt bonds, the trust or its beneficiaries?

c. To reduce overall taxes, should a high-income, wealthy beneficiary be assigned to the first or second tier of trust distributions? Why?

d. To minimize taxes, how should a trust treat the distribution of an in-kind asset? Why?