For a recent year, McDonald's (MCD) company-owned restaurants had the following sales and expenses (in millions): Sales

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For a recent year, McDonald's (MCD) company-owned restaurants had the following sales and expenses (in millions):

Sales ................................................................. $16,488

Food and packaging ........................... $5,552

Payroll .............................................4, 400

Occupancy (rent, depreciation, etc.) ..........4,025

General, selling, and admin. Expenses .......2,434

Other expense ......................................209

Total expenses ......................................................... (16,620)

Operating income (loss).......................................... $ (132)

Assume that the variable costs consist of food and packaging, payroll, and 45% of the general, selling, and administrative expenses.

a. What is McDonald's contribution margin? Round to the nearest million.

b. What is McDonald's contribution margin ratio? Round to one decimal place.

c. How much would operating income increase if same-store sales increased by $500 million for the coming year, with no change in the contribution margin ratio or fixed costs?

d. What would have been the operating income or loss for the recent year if sales had been $500 million more?

e. To achieve break even for the recent year, by how much would sales need to increase?

Contribution Margin
Contribution margin is an important element of cost volume profit analysis that managers carry out to assess the maximum number of units that are required to be at the breakeven point. Contribution margin is the profit before fixed cost and taxes...
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