A horizontal l00-mm-diameter pipe passing hot oil is to be used in the design of an industrial water heater. Based on a typical water draw rate, the velocity over the pipe is 0.5 m/s. The hot oil maintains the outer surface temperature at 85°C and the water temperature is 37°C.

Investigate the effect of flow direction on the heat rate (W/m) for

(a) Horizontal,

(b) Downward, and

(c) Upward flow.

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(b) (c) Flow directions Hot oil (a) -T, = 85°C %3! Pipe, 100 mm diameter Water, 37°C 111