In 2016, Novartis AG agreed to pay the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission $25 million as a result of its China-based subsidiaries engaging in pay-to-prescribe schemes to increase sales. Employees of these China-based subs gave money, gifts, and other things of value to health care professionals, resulting in several million dollars of sales to China's state health institutions. The schemes lasted for over three years. What U.S. law was violated and why?