Leadership acts occur when one person tries to influence the behavior of others toward the attainment of some goal. The effects of leadership style on the behavior of subordinates were investigated in Accounting, Organizations and Society (Vol. 20, 1995). Four types of leadership style were defined based on two variables: the degree of control applied (high or low) and the level of consideration shown for subordinates (high or low). A sample of 257 senior auditors in Big-Six accounting firms yielded the following distribution of leadership styles for the auditors' leaders:

All subjects were asked to indicate (confidentially) how frequently their auditing fieldwork had been intentionally substandard in a particular way. They were asked to respond using a scale that ranged from 1 (never) to 5 (always). These data are summarized in the following table. An ANOVA conducted to test for differences in the four treatment means yielded F = 30.4.

a. Do the data indicate that leadership style affects the behavior of subordinates? Test using α = .05.
b. The Bonferroni multiple comparisons procedure was used to rank the four treatment means at an experiment wise error rate of α = .05. Carefully interpret the results shown in the table.
c. What assumptions must hold to ensure the validity of the Bonferroni procedure?

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Leadership Style A. High control, low consideration B. Low control, low consideration C. High control, high consideration D. Low control, high consideration Total 51 63 79 64 257 Standard Bonferroni Analysis: Leadership Style Mean Deviation Significantly Smaller 4.27 113 2.83LIS 2.54 24 287 131 Means BCD None None Overall 3.04 142