Melissa Ostwerk, the new controller of TurboDrives, Inc., has just returned from a seminar on the choice of the activity level in the predetermined overhead rate. Even though the subject did not sound exciting at first, she found that there were some important ideas presented that should get a hearing at her company. After returning from the seminar, she arranged a meeting with the production manager, Jan Kingman, and the assistant production manager, Lonny Chan.
Melissa: I ran across an idea that I wanted to check out with both of you. It€™s about the way we compute predetermined overhead rates.
Jan: We€™re all ears.
Melissa: We compute the predetermined overhead rate by dividing the estimated total factory overhead for the coming year by the estimated total units produced for the coming year.
Lonny: We€™ve been doing that as long as I€™ve been with the company.
Jan: And it has been done that way at every other company I€™ve worked at, except at most places they divide by direct labor-hours.
Melissa: We use units because it is simpler and we basically make one product with minor variations. But, there€™s another way to do it. Instead of dividing the estimated total factory overhead by the estimated total units produced for the coming year, we could divide by the total units produced at capacity.
Lonny: Oh, the Marketing Department will love that. It will drop the costs on all of our products. They€™ll go wild over there cutting prices.
Melissa: That is a worry, but I wanted to talk to both of you first before going over to Marketing.
Jan: Aren€™t you always going to have a lot of underapplied overhead?
Melissa: That€™s correct, but let me show you how we would handle it. Here€™s an example based on our budget for next year.
Budgeted (estimated) production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,000 units
Budgeted sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,000 units
Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000 units
Selling price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $70 per unit
Variable manufacturing cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $18 per unit
Total manufacturing overhead cost (all fixed) . . . . . . . $2,000,000
Selling and administrative expenses (all fixed) . . . . . . $1,950,000
Beginning inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0
Traditional approach to computation of the predetermined overhead rate:

New approach to computation of the predetermined overhead rate using capacity in the denominator:

Jan: Whoa!! I don€™t think I like the looks of that €œCost of unused capacity.€ If that thing shows up on the income statement, someone from headquarters is likely to come down here looking for some people to lay off.
Lonny: I€™m worried about something else, too. What happens when sales are not up to expectations? Can we pull the €œhat trick€?
Melissa: I€™m sorry, I don€™t understand.
Jan: Lonny€™s talking about something that happens fairly regularly. When sales are down and profits look like they are going to be lower than the president told the owners they were going to be, the president comes down here and asks us to deliver some more profits.
Lonny: And we pull them out of our hat.
Jan: Yeah, we just increase production until we get the profits we want.
Melissa: I still don€™t understand. You mean you increase sales?
Jan: Nope, we increase production. We€™re the production managers, not the sales managers.
Melissa: I get it. Since you have produced more, the sales force has more units it can sell.
Jan: Nope, the marketing people don€™t do a thing. We just build inventories and that does the trick.

Required:
In all of the questions below, assume that the predetermined overhead rate under the traditional method is $25 per unit, and under the new method it is $20 per unit. Also assume that under the traditional method any underapplied or overapplied overhead is taken directly to the income statement as an adjustment to Cost of Goods Sold.
1. Suppose actual production is 80,000 units. Compute the net operating incomes that would be realized under the traditional and new methods if actual sales are 75,000 units and everything else turns out as expected.
2. How many units would have to be produced under each of the methods in order to realize the budgeted net operating income of $210,000 if actual sales are 75,000 units and everything else turns out as expected?
3. What effect does the new method based on capacity have on the volatility of net operating income?
4. Will the €œhat trick€ be easier or harder to perform if the new method based on capacity is used?
5. Do you think the €œhat trick€ isethical?

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Predetermined Estimated total manufacturing overhead cost 1amount of the allocation base $2.000,000 s25 per unit 80,000 units Budgeted Income Statement Revenue (80,000 units × S70 per unit) Cost of goods sold: $5,600,000 Variable manufacturing Manufacturing overhead applied (80,000 units x $25 per unit) 2,000,000 3,440,000 2,160,000 1,950,000 S 210,000 Gross marginar.. Selling and administrative expenses Net operating income Predetermined Estimated total manufacturing overhead cost at capacity overhead rate Estimated total amount of the allocation base at capacity $2,000,000 100,000 units $20 per unit Budgeted Income Statement Revenue (80,000 units × $70 per unit) ····.. . . .. .. . Cost of goods sold: $5,600,000 Variable manufacturing (80,000 units x $18 per unit)$1,440,000 Manufacturing overhead applied 1,600,000 3,040,000 Gross margin Cost of unused capacity 2,560,000 (100,000 units 80,000 units) X $20 per unit] Selling and administrative expenses 400,000 1,950,000 $210,000 Net operating income