Part of the results from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study was a comparison of eighth-grade science achievement by nation in 1999, 2003, and 2007. The table gives the average scores for the nations for all three years.

a. Construct a table showing the sign of the difference between the scores in the years 1999 and 2003 for each country.
b. Using a = 0.05 , was there a significant improvement in science scores in 1999 and 2003?
c. Repeat parts a and b for the years 2003 and 2007.

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