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Several commercial laundry soaps contain water-softening agents, usually sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) or sodium phosphate (Na3PO4 or Na2HPO4).

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Several commercial laundry soaps contain water-softening agents, usually sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) or sodium phosphate (Na3PO4 or Na2HPO4). Explain how these water-softening agents allow soaps to be used in water that is hard by virtue of its
(a) Low pH.
(b) Dissolved Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+ salts.
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a Both sodium carbonate its old name is washing soda ...View the full answer


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Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

ISBN: 978-0321768414

8th edition

Authors: L. G. Wade Jr.

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The experiment aims to show the impact of various beverages on teeth by using eggs as a representation of enamel. Three eggs are boiled and then placed in glasses filled with fizzy drinks, vinegar, and mango juice for 24 hours. The shells of eggs are similar to enamel as they are composed of calcium carbonate, and enamel is primarily made of calcium phosphate. The eggs are then observed to demonstrate the effects of the different liquids on teeth and the importance of brushing regularly. The egg placed in fizzy drink has turned dark in color but can be cleaned by brushing with toothpaste and rinsing with water. The egg placed in vinegar has had its shell softened due to the chemical reaction of vinegar and calcium carbonate, which can\'t be reversed. This highlights the fact that acids are more damaging to teeth than other substances. The egg placed in mango juice represents the process of bacteria in the mouth converting sugars and starches into acids that form plaque, which can be prevented by brushing. The use of fluoride in toothpaste is also highlighted as it slows down the demineralization process and protects the enamel. The importance of brushing teeth twice a day is emphasized.

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