The Hopkins Forest is a 2600-acre forest reserve located at the intersection of three states: New York, Vermont, and Massachusetts. Researchers monitor forest resources to study long-term ecological changes. They have conducted surveys of existing trees, shrubs, and herbs at various sites in the forest for nearly 100 years. Following are some data from surveys of three species of maple trees at the same location over three very different time periods.

Does the species distribution seem to be independent of year? Test the hypothesis at α = 0.05. Find the P-value of the test statistic.

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Species (Acre) Pensylvanicum Rubrum Saccharum Total 27 40 25 1936 1972 2011 Total 12 22 94 133 114 140 387 52 18 97 131 92 164 Year