Questions and Answers of Marketing Strategy Planning

In which section of a paper should researchers report information about their test statistic, p value, and effect size?
When researchers preregister a study or provide data or materials at the time they publish their research, they either provide a permanent online link or upload a time-stamped document that cannot be
Which Open Science badges exist and what does each mean?
Researchers conducted an independent-samples t test and calculated a test statistic of 13.48 with a sample of 392 people. The p value was less than 0.001. Means were 546 with a standard deviation of
Researchers compared 630 women and 570 men on a scale variable and calculated a test statistic of 7.50 with a sample of 392 people. The p value was less than 0.001. The mean for women was 54.7 with a
Researchers compared three groups on a scale variable and calculated a test statistic of 2.39 with a sample of 559 people. The p value was 0.09. The mean for the first group was 94.52 with a standard
Researchers conducted a chi-square test for goodness of fit comparing two groups and calculated a test statistic of 10.030. This corresponded to a p value of 0.002. They calculated an effect size of
For a study in which they assessed scores on a scale dependent variable, researchers reported a coefficient alpha of 0.81 for that measure, as well as a correlation of 0.67 between that measure and a
Researchers conducted a study that compared two groups on a scale variable, and reported a confidence interval around the difference between means of [- 0.26, 1.74]a. Would the researchers report the
For one of the main effects of a two-way ANOVA, researchers reported the following: F(1,124) = 5.50 ρ = 0.02a. Would the researchers report these statistics in the Methods section or the
Researchers reported that they planned to collect data for a sample size of N = 128 to attain 80% power to detect a finding with a medium effect size, an alpha level of 0.05, and a two-tailed
British linguistics researcher Jack Grieve created maps of which swear words are most common across regions of the United States (Carey, 2015). Using data from billions of tweets worldwide, he had a
The American Veterinary Association (AVA) published data on dog and cat ownership in the United States (Duff, 2017). For each example, state the variables, identify what type of variable each is,
One of your authors lives in an urban area and sometimes relies on ridesharing apps to get around. Her year-end report from Uber included a number of data points, many of which involved how Uber is
One of your authors lives in an urban area and sometimes relies on ride-sharing apps to get around. Her year-end report from Uber included two data points based on her own history with the app. The
“Ermintrude, Daisy and La vache qui rit may produce as much as 454 pints more [milk] each year than cows with no names” (Gammell, 2009). So began a news report about a study of 516 British dairy
A recent news headline asked, “Do Floppy-Eared Dogs Look Friendlier?” It then responded to its own question, also in the headline: “The T.S.A. Thinks So” (Mervosh, 2019). The Transportation
Whether it’s a diplomatic engagement or just a family holiday, eating together can go a long way toward getting people on the same wavelength. One study looked at whether eating similar foods
The lingerie company Aerie stopped modifying the photos of its models in an ad campaign that it called Aerie Real. Psychology researchers wondered whether this was just a publicity stunt or whether
Researchers in the Netherlands examined whether a variety of characteristics of New York City vacation rental listings, including the attractiveness of the hosts, predicted the price of that listing
For this exercise, use the data in the pie chart from the Fitbit report in the previous exercise.a. Create a bar graph for these data. Play with the options available to you and make changes so that
How are adjusted standardized residuals calculated?
How are adjusted standardized residuals used as a post hoc test for chi-square tests?
Define the symbols in the following formula: (0-E) x²= E %D E
The following table represents the observed frequencies for hypothetical data on housing status and having a car. The table also includes the adjusted standardized residuals for each of the cells.
Researcher Eric Swank (2018) analyzed survey data to determine whether people who are gay or lesbian are more likely than those who are heterosexual to become activists for various causes. Spoiler
In Check Your Learning 17-8, we introduced the example of the Chicago Police Department’s study of lineups. The printout from SPSS software at the bottom of this page depicts the data for the six
Reporter Aaron Carroll (2018) reported described a new study that warned of the risks of drinking, even a little. Carroll wrote, “The news warns that even one drink per day carries a risk. But how
The New York Times reported on predictive policing, a strategy based on formulas that “forecast” whether a particular person is likely to commit a crime (Elgion & Williams, 2015). What are
A meta-analysis found a negative correlation between birth weight and blood pressure later in life (Mu et al., 2012).a. Explain what is meant by a negative correlation between these two variables.b.
What are some of the ethical issues associated with using regression to predict individuals’ future behavior?
In what ways have regression tools been used to predict individuals’ future behavior?
A study by Nolan and colleagues (2003) examined the relation between externalizing behaviors (acting out) and anxiety in adolescents. Depression has been shown to relate to both of these variables.
Using data from the National Vital Statistics Reports and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tyler Vigen (2015) demonstrated a strong correlation of between the divorce rate in Maine and the per
In 2009, researchers at Google demonstrated that they could detect the spread of flu epidemics in the United States based on the correlation between a set of Google search terms that users were
A meta-analysis compared the reliability of personality tests that are free with those that cost money (Hamby, Taylor, Snowden, & Peterson, 2016). All of the personality tests were based on the
Psychology researchers set out to test the folk assumption that people swear a lot because their overall vocabulary is limited (Jay & Jay, 2015). They asked participants to name as many taboo
One newspaper headline, noting that 18- to 34-year-olds were increasingly likely to move back home following the 2007 release of the iPhone, asked: “Did the Release of the iPhone Cause Millennials
Using municipalities (i.e., towns, cities) in Germany as participants, researchers found an association between the numbers of anti-refugee posts on social media and the numbers of violent acts
An international team of researchers studied the association between grip strength (using a tool that measures the strength of participants’ hands) and mortality among adults in 17 countries (Leong
Australian psychologist William von Hippel and his colleagues examined the premise that the ability to think quickly would be related to social skills in a paper titled “Quick Thinkers Are Smooth
There is a 0.86 correlation between variables A and B. The partial correlation between A and B, after controlling for a third variable, is 0.86. Does this third variable completely account for the
There is a 0.86 correlation between variables A and B. The partial correlation between A and B, after controlling for a third variable, is 0.67. Does this third variable completely account for the
Determine whether the data in each of the graphs provided would result in a negative or positive correlation coefficient.a.DescriptionThe data are as follows. Variable A is represented along the
What is the relation between big data and spurious correlations?
What is the big data approach?
How does partial correlation begin to address the third variable problem?
In your own words, briefly explain the difference between a Pearson correlation coefficient and a partial correlation coefficient.
What is meant by a spurious correlation, and why might it be a Type I error?
Why can we not infer causation from correlation?
German psychologist David Loschelder and his colleagues (2014) conducted an experiment on negotiations. They cited tennis player Andy Roddick’s agent, who thought it was always detrimental to make
Researchers examined whether men and women eat different amounts of food in the company of same-sex dining partners versus opposite-sex dining partners (Kniffin, Sigirci, & Wansink, 2016). From
Imagine that a university professor is interested in the effects of a new instructional method on the math performance of first-year university students. All students take a math pretest and then are
A nutritional software program called DietPower offers encouragement to its users when they sign in each day. In one instance, the program states that people at their ideal body weight tend to have
The data below were from the same 25-year-old participants described in How It Works 14.1, but now the scores represent the oldest age that would be acceptable in a dating partner.25-year-old women
Researchers explored the effect of the expression of anger on physical health in two cultures—the United States and Japan (Kitayama et al., 2015). They noted that previous research linked the
Consider the study we used as an example for a two-way between-groups ANOVA in this chapter. Older and younger people were randomly assigned to hear either one repetition or three repetitions of a
Use these “enjoyment” ratings to perform the following tasks:a. Calculate the cell and marginal means.b. Draw a bar graph.c. Calculate the five different degrees of freedom, and indicate the
How is statistical tools’ ability to check the consistency of statistics helpful both to individual researchers and to the field as a whole?
What is statcheck?
What is a two-way mixed-design MANOVA?
When might a researcher decide to use an ANCOVA rather than an ANOVA?
When might a researcher decide to use a MANOVA rather than an ANOVA?
How is a MANOVA different from an ANOVA?
How is an ANCOVA different from an ANOVA?
What is a two-way mixed-design ANOVA?
Why is a bar graph a better choice than a line graph for depicting the means of a two-way ANOVA?
In a recent article, Amber Boydstun and her colleagues (2019) described a study on the effects of negativity bias in a political context. Negativity bias is the finding that people’s decisions are
Refer to the description of the study by Amber Boydstun and her colleagues (2019) in the previous exercise. How is the COG statement provided by the authors related to the WEIRD problem?Previous
What is a four-way within-groups ANOVA?
What is a two-way ANOVA?
An incomplete one-way between-groups ANOVA source table is shown below. There were 3 conditions and 6 participants. Compute the missing values. Source S df MS F Between 0.588 | Subjects 0.236 |
Why would the reader of a research study use a Bonferroni test?
How might a constraints on generality statement help research progress?
What is a constraints on generality (COG) statement?
What does WEIRD stand for, and what is the problem that led to the coining of this term?
An incomplete one-way between-groups ANOVA source table is shown below. Compute the missing values. Source SS df MS F Between 56.570 28.285 2.435 Subjects 83.865 10.483 - - Within 16 Total 326.265 26
How does the calculation of in a between-groups ANOVA differ from the calculation in a within-groups ANOVA?
What is counterbalancing?
What are order effects?
Use the same data from the previous exercise in this exercise.a. Explain why it is necessary to conduct a post hoc test such as a Tukey HSD test when an ANOVA is statistically significant.b. Conduct
Irwin and colleagues (2004) conducted research on adherence to an exercise regimen. We give an overview of the study in exercise 12.38. Here are the data:<5 sessions: 155, 120, 1305–8 sessions:
For each of the following situations, state whether the distribution of interest is the z distribution, a t distribution, or an F distribution. Explain your answer.a. A student reads in her
Irwin and colleagues (2004) conducted a study on adherence to an exercise program. Participants were asked to attend a monthly group education program to help them change their exercise behavior.
Why would a researcher use a Bonferroni test when conducting several separate statistical analyses?
Explain what statisticians mean when they say that a Bonferroni post hoc comparison is more conservative than a Tukey HSD test.
What are the necessary steps for performing a Bonferroni post hoc comparison?
What is omega squared?
What is the difference between a within-groups (repeated-measures) ANOVA and a between-groups ANOVA?
The pizza place example that was introduced in the chapter, and in Figure 11-9, suggests an interaction between the strength of our prior beliefs and the amount of data that we have in determining
How can we calculate an effect size for the independent-samples t test we conducted in Exercise 11.38?Exercise 11.38?Researchers at Stanford University examined brain activity in women and men during
Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the independent-samples t test you conducted on the gender and humor data in the previous exercise.Previous exercise.Researchers at Stanford University
Researchers at Stanford University examined brain activity in women and men during exposure to humorous cartoons (Azim, Mobbs, Jo, Menon, & Reiss, 2005). Using functional magnetic resonance
Does watching award-winning fiction on television help us to understand other people? Psychologists Jessica Black and Jennifer Barnes (2015) tested whether people who watched award-winning fictional
Do you turn off the light when you leave the room? South Korean researchers wondered how they could increase the number of people who do (Ahn, Kim, & Aggarwal, 2013). They compared two poster
Compare and contrast the characteristics of the prior and posterior distributions of the Bayesian statistical approach.
How does the Bayesian approach to statistics differ from the traditional approach?
What is pooled variance?
What are independent events?
When is it appropriate to use an independent-samples t test?

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