Questions and Answers of Marketing Strategy Planning

The following is an excerpt from the abstract (brief opening summary) from a published research study that examined a reported bias against conservatives in American academia (Fosse, Gross, & Ma,
We introduced confounding variables (or confounds) in Chapter 1. Explain why order effects might be an example of a confound.
Why might order effects lead a researcher to use a between-groups design rather than a within groups design?
Identify and explain the technique for countering order effects using a within-groups research design.
What are order effects?
How is a paired-samples t-test different from a single-sample t-test?
Psychologist Patricia Greenfield (2017) points out that failures to replicate do not necessarily indicate that the initial findings were wrong. She explains: “Data on the connection between social
Market researchers collected information on smartphone data usage for Uber drivers. They wondered if Uber drivers use a higher amount of smartphone data compared to all other taxi drivers. A total of
If an effort to replicate a study fails, what are two things that the failure could indicate about the original study?
What is replication and why is it important for behavioral science research?
Bem (2011) reports nine experiments in which he presents evidence for extrasensory perception (ESP). For example, in Experiment 1, participants were shown two “curtains” side by side on a
If a researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis, how would knowing information about the sample size and the expected effect size help to interpret the researcher’s failure to reject the null
Ohio State University researchers conducted a meta-analysis of 53 studies totaling almost 8500 participants (Lull & Bushman, 2015). Their goal was to determine whether advertising that included
Below is an excerpt of an abstract from a published meta-analysis by Lindberg, Hyde, Petersen, and Linn (2010). Use this excerpt to describe what is done in each of the four steps of meta-analysis.In
Ego depletion refers to the idea that we have a limited amount of self-control, which can be depleted. Exerting self-control in one situation will make it harder to exert self-control on later tasks.
In a study of the effects of testing on enhancing memory, Akan and colleagues (2018) performed an a priori power analysis to determine the sample size they would need to detect a small to
In the previous exercise, you calculated an effect size for data for 63 international students at the University of Melbourne. Imagine that you had a sample of 300 students. How would the effect size
In the two previous exercises, we considered the IELTS listening module, during which the population of all IELTS takers in a year had a mean score of 6.00 with a standard deviation of 1.30 (2013). A
Using the IELTS listening data presented in the previous exercise, practice evaluating data using confidence intervals.a. Compute the 80% confidence interval.b. How do the conclusion and the
The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) has six modules, one of which assesses listening skills. IELTS researchers reported that a recent mean for everyone who completed this module
International students who wish to study at Englishspeaking universities in Canada or the United States are required to take a test, such as the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) or the
What is the best way to avoid the negative consequences of an underpowered study?
What are the potential negative consequences of an underpowered study?
How does a file drawer analysis make the findings from a meta-analysis more persuasive?
Why is it important for a researcher who is conducting a meta-analysis to find not only published studies but also unpublished studies?
In 2010, a group of researchers published the finding that power posing—adopting a wide stance with one’s hands on one’s hips—improved self-reported feelings of power and increased
Brian Nosek and other researchers at the Center for Open Science gave the exact same set of data on football players (soccer players in the United States and Canada) to 29 different teams of
Imagine that an international team of medical researchers hypothesized that a new drug might cure a lifethreatening disease. They test their hypothesis by recruiting 50 participants; half receive the
For each of the following examples, state the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis, in both words and symbolic notation:a. Musician David Teie worked with animal researchers to develop music
For each of the following examples, identify whether the research has expressed a directional or a nondirectional hypothesis:a. Musician David Teie worked with animal researchers to develop music
Another teacher decides to average the heights of all 15-year-old male students in his classes throughout the day. By the end of the day, he has measured the heights of 57 boys and calculated an
Elena, a 15-year-old girl, is 58 inches (147.32 centimeters) tall. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that the average height for girls at this age is 63.80 inches, with a
For each of the following alpha levels, what percentage of the data will be in each critical region for a two-tailed test?a. 0.05b. 0.10c. 0.01
What is p-hacking and what are some examples of research behaviors that would constitute p hacking?
What is HARKing and why can it be harmful?
What is the difference between a one-tailed hypothesis test and a twotailed hypothesis test in terms of critical regions?
What is a percentile?
Researchers used the normal curve to investigate cheating among online gamers playing a car racing game (Christensen et al., 2013). The graph shows the winning times for one version of the
FiveThirtyEight is a popular blog that uses statistics in creative ways to better understand politics, sports, science and health, economics, and culture. In one article (Hickey, 2015), the author
According to a news article, “Friends call Constable [Gary] Collins Rain Man or Yoda or simply The Oracle. But to Scotland Yard, London’s metropolitan police force, he is known as a ‘super
A cardiologist in Munster, Indiana, has been accused of conducting unnecessary heart surgeries (Cresswell, 2015). Investigators found that the rates for one heart procedure were in the top 10% in the
See the description of the MMPI-2 in the previous exercise. The mean T score is always 50, and the standard deviation is always 10. Imagine that you administer the MMPI-2 to 50 respondents who do not
The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), with scores ranging from 0 to 120, has traditionally been the most commonly used exam of reading comprehension, vocabulary, writing, and grammar for
Ethical researchers are increasingly using the Internet to modernize their research and conduct it in a more ethical way. In one study, not yet peer-reviewed, Yale researchers found that increased
Short-run proportions are often quite different from long-run probabilities.a. In your own words, explain why we would expect proportions to fluctuate in the short run, but why long-run probabilities
The Gizmodo blog Throb, a Web site focused on the science of sex, released its own sex education survey (Kelly, 2015). The journalist who developed the survey wrote: “I hope that with enough of
Researcher Zoran Popovic' has developed a video game called Mozak (Serbo-Croatian for “brain”) for the Allen Institute for Brain Science that enlists players— research participants,
What are the ways the term independent is used by statisticians?
What are some of the pros and cons of crowdsourced data?
What is crowdsourcing in research?
What is generalizability?
Researchers reported that the race of the teaching assistants (TAs) for a class had an effect on student outcome (Lusher, Campbell, & Carrell, 2015). They reported that “Asian students receive
David Laude was a chemistry professor at the University of Texas at Austin (and a former underprepared college student) who developed an intervention that led underprepared students to perform at the
For each of the following situations, state whether the mean or median would be a statistic or a parameter. Explain your answer.a. According to Canadian census data, the median family income in
Every year, the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) asks U.S. university students how many 20-page papers they had been assigned. Here are the percentages, for 1 year, of students who said
Calculate the interquartile range for the following set of data: 2 5 1 3 3 4 3 6 7 1 4 3 7 2 2 8 3 3 12 1 2.
Calculate the range and the interquartile range for the following set of data. Explain why they are so different. 83 99 103 65 66 77 55 82 93 93 108 543 72 109 115 85 92 74 101 98 84
At what percentile is the third quartile?
At what percentile is the first quartile?
Using your knowledge of how to calculate the median, describe how to calculate the first and third quartiles of your data.
What is an outlier?
For each of the following studies, list(i) The independent variable or variables and how they were operationalized, (ii) The dependent variable or variables and how they were
Social science researchers are increasingly using word clouds to convey their results. A research team from the Netherlands asked 66 older adults to generate a list of what they perceive to be
The Web site Wordle lets you create your own word clouds (wordle.net/create). (There are a number of other online tools to create word clouds, including TagCrowd and WordItOut.) Here’s a word cloud
In this chapter, we learned about graphs that include statistical lies and graphs designed to be unclear. Think about the problems in the graph shown here.a. What is the primary flaw in the
Find an article in the popular media (newspaper, magazine, Web site) that includes a graph in addition to the text.a. Briefly summarize the main point of the article and graph.b. What are the
What advice would you give to the creator of the following graph? Consider the basic guidelines for a clear graph, for avoiding chartjunk, and regarding the ways to mislead through statistics. Give
Buzzfeed.com published a multivariable graph that purported to rank colleges by academics and “hotness.” The data from this graph are represented to the right.a. What kind of graph is this?
The company that makes Fitbit, the wristband that tracks exercise and sleep, commissioned a report that included the pie chart shown here (2013).a. Explain why a bar graph would be more suitable for
The American Psychological Association (2015) gathered data from almost 1000 psychology doctoral programs in the United States. If a school offered, say, four different psychology doctorates, each
The Group of Seven (G7) consists of many of the major world economic powers. It meets annually to discuss pressing world problems. Here are one year’s data for gross domestic product (GDP) and a
Does research from international teams make a bigger splash? Researchers explored whether research conducted by multinational research teams had a bigger impact than research from teams with less
The following figure presents the enrollment of graduate students at a university, across six fall terms, as a percentage of the total student population.DescriptionThe x-axis represents the year and
Alumni giving rates, calculated as the total dollars donated per year from 2010 to 2020, represent which kind of variable—nominal, ordinal, or scale? What would be an appropriate graph to depict
What information does a violin plot depict?
Why is it important to show variability on a graph, rather than just presenting a bar graph?
Under what circumstances would the x-axis and y-axis not start at 0?
Why is it important to identify the independent variable and the dependent variable before creating a visual display?
What is the difference between a line graph and a time plot?
What does it mean for two variables to be linearly related?
What does an individual dot on a scatterplot represent?
The World Happiness Report publishes a number of indicators related to physical and psychological well-being (Helliwell, Layard, & Sachs, 2018). For example, it publishes adult obesity rates for
Use the data from Exercise 2.34 on the average number of years it takes students to complete a doctorate at 41 different universities. a. Construct a dot plot for these data.b. What can you
The following data are Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) scores for 20 students, already arranged in order from lowest to highest:a. Construct a dot plot for these data.b. What can you learn
The Canadian Radio-Television and Communications Commission (crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications) gathered data on the numbers of television sets in Canadian homes. Two percent of homes had no television;
The United Nations Development Programme (2015b) published life expectancy rates—the number of years an adult can expect to live—for 195 countries around the world. Below is a randomly selected
The Survey of Earned Doctorates provides data on the length of time in years that it takes to complete a doctorate. Each data point is the mean time for one university. Below is a modified list of
Students in a statistics course reported the number of hours of sleep they get on a typical weeknight. These data appear below.a. Create a dot plot of these data.b. Use the dot plot to describe the
a. Using the following set of data, construct a dot plot. Follow the steps in the Data Ethics box of the chapter to set up the dot plot.b. Refer to the dot plot created for part (a). Does it depict a
A grouped frequency table has the following intervals: 30–44, 45–59, and 60–74. If converted into a histogram, what would the midpoints be?
In what way are dot plots similar to histograms?
What are potential benefits of using a dot plot instead of a histogram?
In your own words, define the word distribution, first as you would use it in everyday conversation and then as a statistician would use it.
Describe what a histogram looks like, including what goes on the xaxis and the y-axis.
What are raw scores?
Australian psychologist Mark Rubin (2017) likened the unethical practice of HARKing to the tale of the Texas sharpshooter. Rubin explains that the sharpshooter “aims and fires his gun at [a] target
New York Times reporter Anahad O’Connor (2018) reported on a scandal in the field of psychology. A well-known researcher of food-related behaviors, Brian Wansink, resigned from his position at
As the use of e-cigarettes, or vaping, becomes more popular, researchers are exploring the potential negative effects from this behavior. According to Scientific American (2018), researchers have
a. As racing fans, we would be very interested in the variable finishing position. One year, a horse called Orb won, followed by Golden Soul in second and Revolutionary in third.b. We also might be
According to the World Health Organization (2018), more than 300 million people suffer from depression globally.a. Do you think the research behind this statistic is based on a sample or a

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