Which of the following is true?

a. Financial institutions are often highly leveraged.

b. Highly leveraged financial institutions could be at risk of bankruptcy if the value of their investments fell substantially.

c. When one financial firm goes bankrupt, it can increase the risk that other financial firms could also go bankrupt.

d. When banks cannot meet their capital requirements, the value of loans is often contracted in order to do so.

e. All of these are true.