Ratner and Miller (2001) wondered whether people are uncomfortable when they act in a way that’s not obviously in their own self-interest. They randomly assigned 33 women and 32 men to read a fictional passage saying that federal funding would soon be cut for research into a gastrointestinal illness that mostly affected either (1) women or (2) men. They were then asked to rate, on a 1–7 scale, how comfortable they would be “attending a meeting of concerned citizens who share your position” on this cause (p. 11). A higher rating indicates a greater degree of comfort. The journal article reported the statistics for the interaction as F(1, 58) = 9.83, p < 0.01. Women who read about women had a mean of 4.88, whereas those who read about men had a mean of 3.56. Men who read about women had a mean of 3.29, whereas those who read about men had a mean of 4.67.

a. What are the independent variables and their levels? What is the dependent variable?

b. What kind of ANOVA did the researchers conduct?

c. Do the reported statistics indicate that there is a significant interaction? Explain your answer.

d. Draw a table that includes the cells of the study. Include the cell means.

e. Draw a bar graph that depicts these findings.

f. Describe the pattern of the interaction in words. Is this a qualitative or a quantitative interaction? Explain your answer.

g. Draw a new table of cells, but change the means for male participants reading about women so that there is now a quantitative, rather than a qualitative, interaction.

h. Draw a bar graph of the means in part (g).

i. Draw a new table of cells, but change the means for male participants reading about women so that there is no interaction.