How good are you at estimating how many calories you expend? Researchers Harris et al. (American Journal of Men€™s Health, 2010) conducted a study where 80 males (ages 21€“45 years) were first given a test to identify whether they had high or low dietary restraint. Dietary restraint measures the conscious control over food intake. After a session of exercising, each participant was asked how many calories they thought they had expended, and according to their response they were classified into one of the three categories: underestimation, within 50% estimation, or overestimation. Here are the summarized data:

a. State the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses in words.

b. Explain why it would NOT be okay to use the theory-based method to find a p-value for this study.

c. Use an appropriate applet (for example, the Multiple Proportions applet) to find and report the following from the data: (i) the name of the statistic and its numeric value and (ii) the simulation based p-value.

d. Interpret the p-value in the context of the study.

e. State a complete conclusion about this study, including significance, causation, and generalization. Be sure to explain how you are arriving at your conclusion.

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High restraint Low restraint Total Underestimation 10 17 Within 50% 29 10 39 estimation Overestimation 12 12 24 Total 32 48 80