It has been stated that spinning a coin on a table will result in it landing heads side up fewer than 50% of the time in the long run. One of the authors tested this by spinning a penny 50 times on a table and it landed heads side up 21 times. A test of significance was then conducted with the following hypotheses.

H₀: π = 0.50     H_a: π < 0.50
a. Describe what the symbol π stands for in this context.
b. Use an applet to conduct a simulation with at least 1,000 repetitions. What is your p-value? Based on your p-value is there strong evidence that the probability the spun coin will land heads up is less than 0.50?
c. Suppose you focused on the proportion of times the coin landed tails up instead of heads up. How would your hypotheses be different? What would you do differently to calculate your p-value?