Many studies have been done to look at the relationship between heart disease and baldness. In one study, researchers selected a sample of 663 heart disease male patients and a control group of 772 male patients not suffering from heart disease from hospitals in eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Each was asked to classify their degree of baldness. The results are given in the following table. Use these data to answer the following questions.

Notice the degree of baldness uses ordered categories. This makes it possible to reduce the 2 × 4 table to a simpler one:
a. Of those in the control group, what percent claimed to have:
i. Little or no baldness?
ii. Some or much baldness?
b. Of those with heart disease, what percent claimed to have:
i. Little or no baldness?
ii. Some or much baldness?
c. At this stage in the investigation, state whether you think there is a relationship between heart disease and baldness. Explain your answer. We are now going to run a test of significance on these data using all four degrees of baldness. Use the data set Heart- Disease And Baldness.
d. State the null and alternative hypotheses you would use to test whether there is an association between heart disease and baldness.
e. Use a simulation-based approach to test the hypotheses stated in part (d). Be sure to report the following:
€¢ The name and the observed value of the statistic (from the study)
€¢ The shape of the null distribution and the p-value
€¢ Your conclusion in the context of the study (Be sure to comment on significance, causation, and generalization.)

Transcribed Image Text:

Baldness None Little Some Much Total Yes 251 52 165 195 663 Heart disease No 331 185 221 35 772 380 87 Total 1,435 582 386