Professional baseball teams have one coach at first base and one coach at third base, with third base regarded as the more important and prestigious position. An article in the August 11, 2010, New York Times raised a concern that minority coaches are underrepresented at third base compared to first base. Th e article cited the following data:
• 27 of 60 base coaches in Major League Baseball (MLB) are members of minority groups
• 20 of the 27 minority coaches are first base coaches
• 10 of the 33 nonminority coaches are first base coaches
a. Is this an observational study or an experiment?
b. Identify the explanatory and response variables.
c. Organize these counts in a 2 × 2 table, with the explanatory variable in columns.
d. Conduct a simulation analysis and report the p-value.

e. Summarize your conclusion about whether the data provide strong evidence that minority coaches are more likely to be first base coaches than nonminorities.
f. Is drawing a cause-and-effect conclusion warranted in this study? Explain.