1. Who prevails and why? Did Hannington’s attorney have apparent authority? What is the standard?

2. Since Hannington never actually signed the agreement, was it reasonable for Penn to assume that Hannington’s attorney had obtained his express con-sent to the terms? Has the court effectively deprived Hannington of his right to proceed to trial?

3. Suppose that in the middle of settlement negotiations, Hannington becomes frustrated with the impasse. He hires his neighbor, another attorney not yet involved in the case, to draft a settlement agreement and sends it to Penn. Is apparent authority created in this circumstance? Explain.

Hannington, a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn), brought suit against the univer-sity for breach of contract. Attorneys for both sides appeared to have reached a settlement when, just prior to trial, Hannington’s attorney notified the court that a settlement had been reached and sent Penn a final draft of the settlement agreement. Penn agreed to the settlement terms and sent the settlement agreement back to Hannington’s attorney with Penn’s authorized signatures. However, Hannington refused to sign the settlement agreement, hired a new attorney, and opted to proceed to trial. The trial court refused to allow Hannington’s case to go forward and held that Hanning-ton’s attorney had apparent authority to settle the case and Penn had reasonably relied on Hannington’s attor-ney as being an agent authorized to settle the case.