1. Most research suggests we are not very good at detecting lying, and we think we’re much better than we are. Do you believe FACS would improve your ability to detect lying in others?

2. Is your impression of the facial expressions of the eight business leaders consistent with what the researcher found? If not, why do you think your views might be at odds with his?

3. One research study found people’s ratings of the positive affect displayed in CEO’s faces had very little correlation to their company’s profits. Does that suggest to you that Hill’s analysis is immaterial?

4. Assuming you could become better at detecting the real emotions in facial expressions, do you think it would help your career? Why or why not?  

We mentioned previously that some researchers—the psychologist Paul Ekman is the best known—have studied whether facial expressions reveal true emotions. These researchers have distinguished real smiles (so-called Duchenne smiles, named after French physician Guillaume Duchenne) from “fake” smiles. Duchenne found genuine smiles raised not only the corners of the mouth (easily faked) but also cheek and eye muscles (much more difficult to fake). So, one way to determine whether someone is genuinely happy or amused is to look at the muscles around the upper cheeks and eyes—if the person’s eyes are smiling or twinkling, the smile is genuine. Ekman and his associates have developed similar methods to detect other emotions, such as anger, disgust, and distress. They call their method Facial Action Coding System (FACS). According to Ekman, the key to identifying real emotions is to focus on micro-expressions, or those facial muscles we cannot easily manipulate. 

Dan Hill has used FACS to study the facial expressions of CEOs and found they vary dramatically not only in their Duchenne smiles but also in the degree to which they display positive versus negative facial expressions. Below is Hill’s analysis of the facial expressions of some prominent executives:  

Jeff Bezos, Amazon.......................................................... 51% positive 

Warren Buffet, Berkshire Hathaway............................. 69% positive 

Michael Dell, Dell Computers......................................... 47% positive 

Larry Ellison, Oracle........................................................... 0% positive

Bill Gates, Microsoft......................................................... 73% positive

Steve Jobs, Apple............................................................... 48% positive

Phil Knight, Nike................................................................ 67% positive

Donald Trump, The Trump Organization...................... 16% positive