The following pedigree shows the inheritance of a recessive trait. Unless there is evidence to the contrary, assume that the individuals who have married into the family do not carry the recessive allele. What is the chance that the offspring of the following matings will show the trait: 

(a) III-1 × III-12; 

(b) II-4 × III-14; 

(c) III-6 × III-13; 

(d) IV-1 × IV-2?

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