1.114 Goldilocks Effect: Read to Your Kids! (Part 2) Exercise 1.13 introduces a study in which 27 four-year-old children are presented with stories three different ways: audio only, illustrated, and animated. Every child was presented with all three formats while an MRI machine measured their brain connectivity. The researchers found a "Goldilocks effect," in which both audio (too cold) and animation (too hot) showed low brain connectivity, while the illustrated format (similar to reading a book to a child) showed the highest connectivity (just right!).

1. Is this an observational study, a randomized controlled experiment or a matched pairs type experiment?
2. Can we conclude that reading to a child increases connectivity in their brain more than listening to a story or watching a movie does?
3. How should randomization be used in the design of this study?