At a university, the mean grade-point average of all students is 2.84 (on a scale ranging from 0 to 4.0). A random sample of 24 anthropology students has a mean grade point average of 3.14, with a standard deviation of 0.35. Conduct a one-sample t-test with these data.

a. What are the groups for this one-sample t-test?

b. What is the null hypothesis for this one-sample t-test?

c. What is the value of α?

d. Should the researcher conduct a one- or a two-tailed test?

e. What is the alternative hypothesis?

f. What is the value for degrees of freedom?

g. What is the t-observed value?

h. What is(are) the t-critical value(s)?

i. Based on the critical and observed values, should the researcher reject or retain the null hypothesis? Does this mean that anthropology students have higher grades, equally high grades, or lower grades than the population of university students?

j. What is the p-value for this example?

k. What is the Cohen’s d value for this example?

l. If the α value were dropped to .01, would the researcher reject or retain the null hypothesis?

m. Calculate a 68% CI around the sample mean.

n. Calculate a 90% CI around the sample mean.

o. Calculate a 98% CI around the sample mean.