Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren (1990) examined how people conform to norms concerning littering. The researchers wanted to determine whether a person's tendency to litter depended on the amount of litter already in the area. People were handed a handbill as they entered an amusement park. The entrance area had already been prepared with either no litter, a small amount of litter, or a lot of litter lying on the ground. The people were observed to determine whether they dropped their handbills. The frequency data are as follows:

a. Do the data indicate that people's tendency to litter depends on the amount of litter already on the ground? That is, is there a significant relationship between littering and the amount of existing litter? Test at the .05 level of significance.
b. Compute Cramér's V to measure the size of the treatment effect.

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Amount of Litter Small Large Amount Amount None Littering 17 28 49 73 Not Littering 62 41