Compare and contrast the following terms:

a. Data administration; database administration

b. Repository data dictionary

c. Deadlock prevention; deadlock resolution
d. Backward recovery; forward recovery
e. Active data dictionary; passive data dictionary
f. Optimistic concurrency control; pessimistic concurrency control
g. Shared lock; exclusive lock
h. Before image; after image
i. Two-phase locking protocol; versioning
j. Authorization; authentication
k. Data backup; data archiving