Determine whether the following bonds will be issued at face value, a premium, or a discount:

a. The market interest rate is 9%. Star Inc. issues bonds with a stated rate of 8½%.

b. Charger Corporation issued 7½% bonds when the market rate was 7½%.

c. Explorer Corporation issued 8% bonds when the market interest rate was 6⅞%.

d. Tundra Company issued bonds that pay cash interest at the stated interest rate of 7%. At the date of issuance, the market interest rate was 8¼%.