Questions and Answers of Geology

What is the rock knob on the east side of Fig. 10.3, how did it form, and is it useful?
What is permafrost?
What forms glacially polished rock?
Which feature on Fig. 9.5 is a braided stream? Describe its origin.
Do all glaciers create grooved, striated, and/or polished bedrock surfaces as in Fig. 10.3?
What is the explanation for a striated bedrock outcrop in a glaciated area, with two distinct sets of striations, one set oriented north-south and the other oriented east-west?
Many loess deposits are related to glaciation. What are they, and how did they form?
Which feature on Fig. 9.5 is a meandering river? Describe its origin
How might one glacial till differ from another?
Which feature on Fig. 9.5 is a floodplain, and how is it formed?
Feature G on Fig. 10.5 is a kame. How did it form?
Which feature on Fig. 9.4 is a natural levee, and how are natural levees formed?
Since kames, as in the previous problem, are found under a glacier, don’t they consist of unsorted sediment?
Which feature on Fig. 9.5 is an alluvial fan, and how did it form?
On an alluvial fan, where will the coarsest sediment, such as pebbles and boulders, be located?
Imagine you are looking at a 40-rn-high bank along a river. The bank is being cut into by the river and consists completely of glacial till. How might you determine whether it is the result of a
Which feature on Fig. 9.5 is a delta, and how did it form?
Peat is commonly found in glaciated areas such as Minnesota or Finland. Why?
(a) What are the differences between dendritic, rectangular, and radial drainage patterns, and how does each form?
Sediment deposited on the ocean floor by icebergs was discussed. How would one recognize such sediment in the ancient rock record?
Figure 9.6 illustrates the theoretical evolution of a stream valley from its source to its mouth. The figure is highly compressed and diagrammatic. Which portion of the diagram illustrates the
In which stage (youth, maturity, or old age) in the evolution of a stream valley do each of the following occur?
What do the arrows in Fig. 10.1 represent?
What are the progressive stages in the evolution of a topography or a landscape, as shown in Fig. 9.7?
Where is the cirque on Fig. 10.1?
In which stage of evolution of a landscape are each of the following features most abundant? See Fig (9.7)
In Fig. 10.2, is the glacial ice moving faster at point X or point Y, and why?
(a) Does the evolutionary “age” of stream valleys in a landscape always agree with the evolutionary “age” of the landscape itself?
How can a meandering river without a floodplain be explained?
In what stage of valley development is the Colorado River valley in the Grand Canyon area?
In what stage of landscape development is the region around the Grand Canyon?
In Fig. 9.7, which landscape (A, B, or C) is in youth? In maturity? In old age?
Which relates water velocity and grain size of the sediment. (a) At what water velocity will a cobble 50 mm in diameter be eroded and at what velocity will it be deposited?
Based on the previous problem, formulate a statement relating grain size, erosion, and deposition.
“Large particles settle rapidly in water because their mass is so large relative to the density of the water. However, small clay-sized particles settle so slowly that a particle can take 100 years
What can be said about the energy of the environments of deposition of clay-sized particles?
How do meanders start?
What is the difference in the ruggedness of a landscape in a humid versus an arid climate, and why?
How does urbanization with its concrete and asphalt surfaces affect runoff?
Calculate the discharge Q of a stream that has a velocity of 3 m/s, a width of 10 m, and a depth of 2 m.
How much does human activity contribute to erosion by running water?
(a) See Fig. 9.2. Formulate a general rule on the angle at which tributaries join major streams indendritic drainage patterns.

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