Members of the Donner party attempted a new route between Fort Bridger, Wyoming, and the Humboldt River, Nevada. This new route took much longer than expected, and the entire party was trapped in the Sierra Nevada in the winter of 1846€“1847. By the time they were rescued in the spring, many members had died. Table 6.11 lists the gender and survival status of all adults who were trapped during this trip.
a. Plot the data with a segmented bar graph. Describe the overall patterns seen in the data.
b. Is this an example of an experiment or an observational study?
c. Is this a cross-classification, cohort, or case- control study?
d. Create a simulation study to test the one-sided hypothesis that females were more likely to survive. Provide a p-value and clearly state your conclusions.
Table 6.11 Survival status of Donner party members.

e. Use Fisher€™s exact test to test the one- sided hypothesis that females were more likely to survive. Provide a p-value and clearly state your conclusions.
f. D. K. Grayson stated, €œThe differential fate of the members of the Donner Party lends strong sup-port to the argument that females are better able than males to withstand conditions marked by famine and extreme cold.€10 Does the small p-value lead us to conclude that females have stronger survival abilities than males? Can you suggest any other reasonable explanation?

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SurvivedDied Total Male Female25 Total 23 30 9 39 2 53 34 87