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physics
light and optics

Questions and Answers of Light and Optics

A ray of light is incident on a flat surface of a block of crown glass that is surrounded by water. The angle of refraction is 19.6°. Find the angle of reflection.
A laser beam is incident at an angle of 30.0° from the vertical onto a solution of corn syrup in water. If the beam is refracted to 19.24° from the vertical, (a) What is the index of refraction
Find the speed of light in (a) Flint glass, (b) Water, and (c) Cubic zirconia.
A light ray initially in water enters a transparent substance at an angle of incidence of 37.0°, and the transmitted ray is refracted at an angle of 25.0°. Calculate the speed of light in the
An opaque cylindrical tank with an open top has a diameter of 3.00 m and is completely filled with water. When the afternoon Sun reaches an angle of 28.0° above the horizon, sunlight ceases to
A ray of light strikes a flat block of glass (n = 1.50) of thickness 2.00 cm at an angle of 30.0° with the normal. Trace the light beam through the glass, and find the angles of incidence and
Unpolarized light in vacuum is incident onto a sheet of glass with index of refraction n. The reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other. Find the angle of incidence. This angle is
When the light illustrated in Figure P35.21 passes through the glass block, it is shifted laterally by the distance d. Taking n = 1.50, find the value of d.
Find the time interval required for the light to pass through the glass block described in the previous problem.
The light beam shown in Figure P35.23 makes an angle of 20.0° with the normal line NN+ in the linseed oil. Determine the angles θ and θ. (The index of refraction of linseed oil is
Three sheets of plastic have unknown indices of refraction. Sheet 1 is placed on top of sheet 2, and a laser beam is directed onto the sheets from above so that it strikes the interface at an angle
When you look through a window, by how much time is the light you see delayed by having to go through glass instead of air? Make an order-of-magnitude estimate on the basis of data you specify. By
Light passes from air into flint glass. (a) What angle of incidence must the light have if the component of its velocity perpendicular to the interface is to remain constant? (b) What If? Can the
The reflecting surfaces of two intersecting flat mirrors are at an angle θ (0° For a light ray that strikes the horizontal mirror, show that the emerging ray will intersect the incident
The speed of a water wave is described by v = √, where d is the water depth, assumed to be small compared to the wavelength. Because their speed changes, water waves refract when moving into a
A narrow white light beam is incident on a block of fused quartz at an angle of 30.0°. Find the angular width of the light beam inside the quartz.
Light of wavelength 700 nm is incident on the face of a fused quartz prism at an angle of 75.0° (with respect to the normal to the surface). The apex angle of the prism is 60.0°. Use the value of n
A prism that has an apex angle of 50.0° is made of cubic zirconia, with n = 2.20. What is its angle of minimum deviation?
A triangular glass prism with apex angle 60.0° has an index of refraction of 1.50. (a) Show that if its angle of incidence on the first surface is θ 1 = 48.6°, light will pass symmetrically
A triangular glass prism with apex angle Φ = 60.0° has an index of refraction n = 1.50 (Fig. P35.33). What is the smallest angle of incidence θ1 for which a light ray can emerge from
A triangular glass prism with apex angle Φ has index of refraction n. What is the smallest angle of incidence θ1 for which a light ray can emerge from the other side?
The index of refraction for violet light in silica flint glass is 1.66, and that for red light is 1.62. What is the angular dispersion of visible light passing through a prism of apex angle 60.0°
For 589-nm light, calculate the critical angle for the following materials surrounded by air: (a) Diamond, (b) Flint glass, and (c) Ice.
Repeat Problem 36 when the materials are surrounded by water.
Determine the maximum angle & for which the light rays incident on the end of the pipe in Figure P35.38 are subject to total internal reflection along the walls of the pipe. Assume that the pipe has
Consider a common mirage formed by super-heated air just above a roadway. A truck driver whose eyes are 2.00 m above the road, where n = 1.000 3, looks forward. She perceives the illusion of a patch
An optical fiber has index of refraction n and diameter d. It is surrounded by air. Light is sent into the fiber along its axis, as shown in Figure P35.40.(a) Find the smallest outside radius R
A large Lucite cube (n = 1.59) has a small air bubble (a defect in the casting process) below one surface. When a penny (diameter 1.90 cm) is placed directly over the bubble on the outside of the
A room contains air in which the speed of sound is 343 m/s. The walls of the room are made of concrete, in which the speed of sound is 1 850 m/s. (a) Find the critical angle for total internal
In about 1965, engineers at the Toro Company invented a gasoline gauge for small engines, diagrammed in Figure P35.43. The gauge has no moving parts. It consists of a flat slab of transparent plastic
The shoreline of a lake runs east and west. A swimmer gets into trouble 20.0 m out from shore and 26.0 m to the east of a lifeguard, whose station is 16.0 m in from the shoreline. The lifeguard takes
Figure P35.45 shows a desk ornament globe containing a photograph. The flat photograph is in air, inside a vertical slot located behind a water-filled compartment having the shape of one half of a
A light ray enters the atmosphere of a planet where it descends vertically to the surface a distance h below. The index of refraction where the light enters the atmosphere is 1.000, and it increases
A narrow beam of light is incident from air onto the surface of glass with index of refraction 1.56. Find the angle of incidence for which the corresponding angle of refraction is half the angle of
(a) Consider a horizontal interface between air above and glass of index 1.55 below. Draw a light ray incident from the air at angle of incidence 30.0°. Determine the angles of the reflected and
A small underwater pool light is 1.00 m below the surface. The light emerging from the water forms a circle on the water surface. What is the diameter of this circle?
One technique for measuring the angle of a prism is shown in Figure P35.50. A parallel beam of light is directed on the angle so that parts of the beam reflect from opposite sides. Show that the
The walls of a prison cell are perpendicular to the four cardinal compass directions. On the first day of spring, light from the rising Sun enters a rectangular window in the eastern wall. The light
Figure P35.52 shows a top view of a square enclosure. The inner surfaces are plane mirrors. A ray of light enters a small hole in the center of one mirror.(a) At what angle θ must the ray enter
A hiker stands on an isolated mountain peak near sunset and observes a rainbow caused by water droplets in the air 8.00 km away. The valley is 2.00 km below the mountain peak and entirely flat. What
A 4.00-m-long pole stands vertically in a lake having a depth of 2.00 m. The Sun is 40.0° above the horizontal. Determine the length of the pole’s shadow on the bottom of the lake. Take the index
A laser beam strikes one end of a slab of material, as shown in Figure P35.55. The index of refraction of the slab is 1.48. Determine the number of internal reflections of the beam before it emerges
When light is incident normally on the interface between two transparent optical media, the intensity of the reflected light is given by the expression In this equation S1 represents the average
For its description of the reflected intensity of light normally incident on an interface between two transparent media (a) When light is normally incident on an interface between vacuum and a
What If? This problem builds upon the results of Problems 56 and 57. Light travels perpendicularly through a diamond slab, surrounded by air, with parallel surfaces of entry and exit. The intensity
The light beam in Figure P35.59 strikes surface 2 at the critical angle. Determine the angle of incidence θ 1.
Builders use a leveling instrument with the beam from a fixed helium–neon laser reflecting in a horizontal plane from a small flat mirror mounted on an accurately vertical rotating shaft. The light
A light ray of wavelength 589 nm is incident at an angle θ on the top surface of a block of polystyrene, as shown in Figure P35.61.(a) Find the maximum value of θ for which the refracted
By how much does the duration of an optical day exceed that of a geometric day? Model the Earth’s atmosphere as uniform, with index of refraction 1.000 293, a sharply defined upper surface, and
A shallow glass dish is 4.00 cm wide at the bottom, as shown in Figure P35.63. When an observer€™s eye is placed as shown, the observer sees the edge of the bottom of the empty dish. When
A ray of light passes from air into water, for its deviation angle δ = |θ1 - θ2| to be 10.0°, what must be its angle of incidence?
Derive the law of reflection (Eq. 35.2) from Fermat’s principle. (See the procedure outlined in Section 35.9 for the derivation of the law of refraction from Fermat’s principle.)
A material having an index of refraction n is surrounded by a vacuum and is in the shape of a quarter circle of radius R (Fig. P35.66). A light ray parallel to the base of the material is incident
A transparent cylinder of radius R = 2.00 m has a mirrored surface on its right half, as shown in Figure P35.67. A light ray traveling in air is incident on the left side of the cylinder. The
Suppose that a luminous sphere of radius R1 (such as the Sun) is surrounded by a uniform atmosphere of radius R2 and index of refraction n. When the sphere is viewed from a location far away in
A. H. Pfund€™s method for measuring the index of refraction of glass is illustrated in Figure P35.69. One face of a slab of thickness t is painted white, and a small hole scraped clear at
A light ray traveling in air is incident on one face of a right-angle prism of index of refraction n = 1.50 as shown in Figure P35.70 and the ray follows the path shown in the figure. Assuming
A light ray enters a rectangular block of plastic at an angle θ1 = 45.0° and emerges at an angle θ2 = 76.0°, as shown in Figure P35.71.(a) Determine the index of refraction of the
Students allow a narrow beam of laser light to strike a water surface. They arrange to measure the angle of refraction for selected angles of incidence and record the data shown in the accompanying
Light of wavelength λ is incident on a slit of width d. Under what conditions is the ray approximation valid? Under what circumstances does the slit produce enough diffraction to make the ray
Why do astronomers looking at distant galaxies talk about looking backward in time?
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun. Use a diagram to show why some areas of the Earth see a total eclipse, other areas see a partial eclipse, and most areas see
The display windows of some department stores are slanted slightly inward at the bottom. This is to decrease the glare from streetlights or the Sun, which would make it difficult for shoppers to see
You take a child for walks around the neighborhood. She loves to listen to echoes from houses when she shouts or when you clap loudly. A house with a large flat front wall can produce an echo if you
The F-117A stealth fighter (Figure Q35.6) is specifically designed to be a non-retro reflector of radar. What aspects of its design help accomplish this? Suggestion: Answer the previous question as
Sound waves have much in common with light waves, including the properties of reflection and refraction. Give examples of these phenomena for sound waves.
Does a light ray traveling from one medium into another always bend toward the normal, as shown in Figure 35.10a? Explain.
As light travels from one medium to another, does the wavelength of the light change? Does the frequency change? Does the speed change? Explain.
A laser beam passing through a non-homogeneous sugar solution follows a curved path. Explain.
A laser beam with vacuum wavelength 632.8 nm is incident from air onto a block of Lucite as shown in Figure 35.10b. The line of sight of the photograph is perpendicular to the plane in which the
Suppose blue light were used instead of red light in the experiment shown in Figure 35.10b. Would the refracted beam be bent at a larger or smaller angle?
The level of water in a clear, colorless glass is easily observed with the naked eye. The level of liquid helium in a clear glass vessel is extremely difficult to see with the naked eye. Explain.
In Example 35.6 we saw that light entering a slab with parallel sides will emerge offset, but still parallel to the incoming beam. Our assumption was that the index of refraction of the material did
Explain why a diamond sparkles more than a glass crystal of the same shape and size.
Explain why an oar partially in the water appears bent.
Total internal reflection is applied in the periscope of a submarine to let the user €œsee around corners.€ In this device, two prisms are arranged as shown in Figure Q35.17, so
Under certain circumstances, sound can be heard over extremely great distances. This frequently happens over a body of water, where the air near the water surface is cooler than the air higher up.
When two colors of light (X and Y) are sent through a glass prism, X is bent more than Y. Which color travels more slowly in the prism?
Retro reflection by transparent spheres, mentioned in Section 35.4 in the text, can be observed with dewdrops. To do so, look at the shadow of your head where it falls on dewy grass. Compare your
Why does the arc of a rainbow appear with red on top and violet on the bottom?
How is it possible that a complete circle of a rainbow can sometimes be seen from an airplane? With a stepladder, a lawn sprinkler, and a sunny day, how can you show the complete circle to children?
Is it possible to have total internal reflection for light incident from air on water? Explain.
Under what conditions is a mirage formed? On a hot day, what are we seeing when we observe “water on the road”?
What is wrong with the caption of the cartoon shown in Figure Q36.1?
Consider a concave spherical mirror with a real object. Is the image always inverted? Is the image always real? Give conditions for your answers.
Repeat the preceding question for a convex spherical mirror.
Do the equations 1/p + 1/q = 1/f or M = – q/p apply to the image formed by a flat mirror? Explain your answer. Why does a clear stream, such as a creek, always appear to be shallower than it
Why does a clear stream, such as a creek, always appear to be shallower than it actually is? By how much is its depth apparently reduced?
Consider the image formed by a thin converging lens. Under what conditions is the image? (a) Inverted,(b) Upright,(c) Real, (d) Virtual, (e) Larger than the object, and (f) Smaller than the object?
Repeat Question 6 for a thin diverging lens.
Use the lens makers’ equation to verify the sign of the focal length of each of the lenses in Figure 36.27.
If a solid cylinder of glass or clear plastic is placed above the words LEAD OXIDE and viewed from above as shown in Figure Q36.9, the LEAD appears inverted but the OXIDE does not. Explain.
In Figure 36.28a, assume that the blue object arrow is replaced by one that is much taller than the lens. How many rays from the object will strike the lens? How many principal rays can be drawn in a
A zip-lock plastic sandwich bag filled with water can act as a crude converging lens in air. If the bag is filled with air and placed under water, is the effective lens converging or diverging?
Explain why a mirror cannot give rise to chromatic aberration.
Why do some automobile mirrors have printed on them the statement “Objects in mirror are closer than they appear”? (See Fig. P36.19)
Can a converging lens be made to diverge light if it is placed into a liquid? What If? How about a converging mirror?
Explain why a fish in a spherical goldfish bowl appears larger than it really is.
Why do some emergency vehicles have the symbol AMBULANCE written on the front?
A lens forms an image of an object on a screen. What happens to the image if you cover the top half of the lens with paper?

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