For each variable, suggest ways of collecting data so that the data are at the nominal, ordinal, interval-ratio (numerical), and dichotomous/binary levels of measurement. Note any situations that present problems. Notice the overlap with the problem of operationalizing variables (Question 4).

• Shoe size

• City homicide rates

• Intensity of religious belief (for individuals)

• Racial or ethnic identity (of individuals)

• A country’s level of educational disparities within the population

• A community’s level of affluence