Which of the following is the best reducing agent: F₂, H⁺, Na, Na⁺, or F₂? Explain. Order as many of these species as possible from the best to the worst oxidizing agent. Why can’t you order all of them? From Table 11.1 choose the species that is the best oxidizing agent. Choose the best reducing agent. Explain.

Table 11.1

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Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C (298 K) for Many Common Half-reactions Half-reaction 8° (V) Half-reaction 2.87 1.99 1.82 1.78 F₂ +2e → 2F- Ag²+ + e → Ag+ Co³++e Co²+ H₂O₂ + 2H+ + 2e- → 2H₂O Ce4++eCe³+ PbO₂ + 4H+ + SO42 +2e → PbSO4 + 2H₂O → MnO₂ + 2H₂O MnO4 + 4H+ + 3e IO4 + 2H+ + 2e → 103 + H₂O MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn²+ + 4H₂O Au³+ + 3e Au PbO₂ + 4H+ + 2e → Pb2+ + 2H₂O Cl₂ +2e2C1- Cr₂O72- + 14H+ + 6e- →2Cr³+ + 7H₂O O₂ + 4H+ + 4e- → 2H₂O MnO₂ + 4H+ + 2e → Mn²+ + 2H₂O IO3 + 6H+ + Se- → 12 + 3H₂O Br2 + 2e 2Br VO₂+ + 2H+ + e → VO²+ + H₂O AuCl4 + 3e → Au + 4Cl- NO3 + 4H+ + 3e-→ NO + 2H₂O ClO₂ + eClO₂- 2Hg²+ + 2e →→ Hg2²+ Ag+ + e → Ag Hg₂+ + 2e →→ 2Hg Fe³+ + e Fe²+ O₂ + 2H+ + 2e- → H₂O₂ MnO4 + e→→MnO4²- 1₂ +2e → 21- Cute → Cu 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.60 1.51 1.50 1.46 1.36 1.33 1.23 1.21 1.20 1.09 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.954 0.91 0.80 0.80 0.77 0.68 0.56 0.54 0.52 O₂ + 2H₂O + 4e¯→ 40H- Cu²+ + 2e → Cu Hg2Cl₂ + 2e → 2Hg + 2Cl AgCl + e- Ag + Cl- SO4 + 4H+ + 2e → H₂SO3 + H₂O Cu²+ + e Cu+ →→→ H₂ Fe →→ Pb →→ Sn → Ni 2H+ + 2e Fe³+ + 3e Pb²+ + 2e Sn²+ + 2e Ni²+ + 2e PbSO4 + 2e →→ Pb + SO4²- Cd Cd²+ + 2e Fe2+ + 2e →→ Fe Cr³+ + e Cr²+ Cr³+ + 3e-> Cr Zn²+ + 2e →→ Zn 2H₂O + 2e Mn²+ + 2e Al³+ + 3e H₂ + 2e → Mg2+ + 2e La³+ + 3e → H₂ + 2OH- → Mn Al 2H- → Mg La Nae Ca2+ + 2e Ba²+ + 2e K+ + e → K Li+ + e → Li Na → Ca Ba °° (V) 0.40 0.34 0.27 0.22 0.20 0.16 0.00 -0.036 -0.13 -0.14 -0.23 -0.35 -0.40 -0.44 -0.50 -0.73 -0.76 -0.83 -1.18 -1.66 -2.23 -2.37 -2.37 -2.71 -2.76 -2.90 -2.92 -3.05